Bioacoustics of Cardiodactylus lombrinjani

Description. Average size for the species group. General coloration brown, little contrasted. Head dorsum yellow brown with 4 brown bands including 2 wide lateral ones, fused to the dark brown fastigium, and 2 median punctuated bands; area posterior to eyes with dark brown lines ( Fig. 6A ). Scapes yellow brown, with a transverse dark brown band. Antennae orange brown. Front part of fastigium yellow, sometimes with 2 dark brown spots. Lateral side of head mostly light brown. Face yellow brown, with a faint whitish transverse band ventral to eyes. Mouthparts whitish; maxillary palpi yellow brown. Pronotum: Dorsal disk mostly yellow brown mottled with dark brown; posterior area dark brown. Lateral lobes dark brown dorsally, ventral part yellow brown to whitish. Legs I–II orange brown, femora with faint dark brown spots and tibiae with rings. FIII homogeneously yellow to orange brown, knees dark brown; TIII dark brown, with faint yellow brown rings. Tarsomeres III-1 dark brown. Hind wing tail dark brown. Cerci yellow brown, faintly mottled with dark brown near base, ringed at apex. Abdomen mostly yellow brown dorsally; lateral and dorsal sides dark brown with discontinuous yellow lines on posterior tergites. Subgenital plate yellow brown. Male: FWs brown with yellow and dark brown patterns ( Fig. 10A ). Yellow brown to whitish areas including bases of anal veins and of CuA, harp veins, part of chords and a wide band posterior to mirror. Black spot near base of 1A and CuA. Bases of M, R and Sc yellow brown, then dark orange brown, including veins and areas between them; apex of Sc whitish. Projections of Sc and more ventral veins of lateral field yellow brown, their bases brown. FW venation ( Fig. 10A ): 1A clearly bisinuated. CuP absent. Stridulatory file with about 240 teeth on the transverse and curved parts of 1A, and 21 more teeth on top of a bump near 1A base ( Table 9 ). Harp with 2 w-shaped veins. Mirror area: mirror (d1) longer than wide, its posterior region variably crossed by longitudinal and transverse accessory veins; d2 as wide as mirror, variable. Cell e1 crossed at mid-length by an accessory vein. Apical field with 3–4 cell alignments posterior to mirror (m = 4, n = 4). Lateral field with 8–10 projections of Sc (m = 9; n = 4) and 4–5 ventral veins (m = 4; n = 4). Male genitalia ( Fig. 38E–H ): Pseudepiphallus shaped as a wide gutter at the level of the dorsal ridges, almost closed dorsally by wide inner expansions of the ridges touching each other posteriorly ( Fig. 38H ). Pseudepiphallic sclerite with large triangular anterior expansions, the membrane between them setose. Posterior pseudepiphallic apex rounded, with a long oval translucent area. Rami with short convergent apical stems. Ectophallic arc complete, without posterior expansion. Ectophallic fold with weak lateral sclerites; apex trilobate, membranous, median lobe oval. Endophallic sclerite long, with a rectangular posterior expansion and short lateral arms. Endophallic apodeme with a dorsal crest and wide lateral lamellas. Membrane of endophallic cavity finely plicate. Female: FW coloration dark brown (cells and veins), their bases yellow, and with a whitish area on external edge at mid-length. CuA/M area whitish on basal part. R orange brown. Sc dark brown, apex whitish, Sc projections and more ventral veins yellow, the cells between them dark brown. FW venation ( Fig. 11G ): dorsal field with 12 (n = 2) strong longitudinal veins; lateral field with 10–11 (n = 2) longitudinal veins including 7 projections of Sc and 3–4 more ventral veins. Ovipositor of average length, apex with both dorsal and ventral edges denticulate ( Fig. 13K ). Female genitalia ( Fig. 15A ): Copulatory papilla triangular with baso-lateral sclerotizations; apex rounded, slightly sclerotized and folded ventrally. Juvenile: Brown, little contrasted, head and legs with same pattern of coloration as adults ( Fig. 39D ). Variation. One female specimen from Pusuk forest may belong to another species according to its larger size ( Table 9 ). The specimens from Sumbawa Island are slightly smaller than that from Lombok ( type series), but they differ only by details of male genitalia. In particular the region posterior to the pseudepiphallic dorsal ridges seems smaller and the inner triangular expansions of the dorsal ridges are slightly stockier, and the endophallic sclerite tends to be smaller. However, these differences are not stable among the specimens of each island, so only one species is distinguished here. Measurements. See Table 9 . Habitat and life history traits. Cardiodactylus lombrinjani is a nocturnal species living both in forested areas and in/or near secondary habitats such as bushes and hedges. Males produce calling songs at night, from tree branches and bushes ( Fig. 39 ). During the day, couples have been observed mating under the bark of trees and several specimens have been found in blocks of aerial litter. Juveniles are found day and night on low vegetation. Behavior. Calling song ( Fig. 40 ): Cardiodactylus lombrinjani has a mono-syllabic calling song. At 23°C, the calling songs show a very indented amplitude profile. Syllables have the following characteristics: syllable duration = 193 ± 12 ms; syllable period = 18.2 ± 11 s; syllable duty cycle = 1.6 %. The power spectrum consists of a rather broad band dominating at 13.94 ± 0.37 kHz which corresponds to the third frequency peak of the song despite harmonic pattern is unclear.