Bioacoustics of Cardiodactylus kondoi

Redescription. In addition to the characters given by Otte (2007): size average for the genus, coloration variable, with contrasted yellow and dark brown patterns ( Fig. 29A–D ). Head dorsum yellow brown with 3 dark brown bands including 2 wide lateral ones with an anterior notch not related to black coloration of fastigium, and a median punctuated band made of the fusion of two thin parallel bands ( Fig. 5J ); short triangular bands posterior to eyes slightly connected to lateral bands. Scapes yellow brown with a dark brown ring; antennae orange brown. Face and mouthparts yellow, with a dark brown area below eyes. Lateral part of head sometimes with a dark brown band posterior to eyes. Pronotum: Dorsal disk mostly brown, mottled with dark brown and yellow; anterior corners yellow. Lateral lobes dark brown, with a narrow yellowish ventral margin. Legs yellow to orange brown, femora faintly mottled with dark brown, tibiae with dark brown rings. Hind knees dark brown. Male: FW coloration mostly brown (cells and veins), anterior area dark brown to black; with yellow areas including bases of anal veins and CuA, harp veins, oval region posterior to mirror, part of the chords and apex of apical field. Bases of chords with an orange brown sclerotization. M/R/Sc area and veins dark orange brown. Sc projections and more ventral veins of lateral field yellow, their bases brown. FW venation ( Fig. 9F ): 1A slightly bisinuated; CuP absent. Harp with 2 w-shaped veins, the anterior one weaker. Mirror area: mirror (d1) oval, separated in two parts near mid-length; d2 as wide as mirror, not distinctive; e1 as long as d1. Apical field with 4 cell alignments posterior to mirror (n = 3). Lateral field with 6–7 projections of Sc (m = 7, n = 3) and 3–5 ventral veins (m = 4, n = 3). Male genitalia ( Fig. 29E–G ): Pseudepiphallus forming a wide gutter not narrowed preapically, its posterior apex rounded. Dorsal ridges diverging posteriorly, slightly carinated externally, without lateral expansions. Pseudepiphallic sclerite with very short and wide latero-anterior expansions, membrane between them with short setae. Female: FW coloration mostly dark brown, anterior and latero-external regions black, with yellow areas including bases of anal veins, CuA and anterior quarter of M, a yellow area at mid-length including a part of CuP, CuA, M and R, and 2 yellow spots at ¼ of FW length ( Fig. 12A ). R/Sc area and veins orange brown. Sc projections and more ventral veins yellow, cells between them dark brown. FW venation ( Fig. 12A ): 9–10 (m = 9, n = 3) strong longitudinal veins on dorsal field; lateral field with 7–9 (m = 8, n = 3) longitudinal veins including 4–6 projections of Sc and 3–4 ventral veins. Ovipositor of average length, apex with both dorsal and ventral edges slightly denticulate ( Fig. 13G ). Female genitalia ( Fig. 14G ): Copulatory papilla rectangular, with lateral sclerites; apex rounded and slightly sclerotized, folded ventrally. Juvenile: Head dark red brown, body and legs yellow brown highly mottled with brown and black. Lateral lobes of pronotum black with a ventral yellow margin ( Fig. 30D ). Habitat and life history traits. Cardiodactylus kondoi is a nocturnal species living in forested areas ( Fig. 30A ). Only juveniles were observed in Luzon, on low branches of bushes or small trees. Behavior. Calling song ( Fig. 31 ): Cardiodactylus kondoi has a mono-syllabic calling song. At 21°C, the syllables show a very indented amplitude profile with the following characteristics: syllable duration = 90.0 ± 14 ms; syllable period = 2.2 ± 0.6 s ; syllable duty cycle = 4.1 %. The power spectrum shows a clear harmonic pattern; the dominant frequency is 12.81 ± 0.16 kHz and corresponds to the third frequency peak.