Bioacoustics of Arthropoda

Remarks Scaphoideini contains 61 genera and 631 species. Oman et al. (1990) included 12 genera, significantly fewer than the circumscription here. Several genera included previously ( Acunasus DeLong, 1945 , Danbara Oman, 1949 , Sobara Oman, 1949 and Twiningia Ball, 1931 ) are not included here. Twiningia was included in the phylogenetic analyses here and was found to be closely related to Platymetopius Burmeister, 1838 (Athysanini) , and the others are excluded because they do not possess characters considered here to be diagnostic for the tribe. The phylogenetic analyses presented here consistently resolved a clade including Scaphoideini sensu novo plus Drabescini. This clade was in turn resolved as sister to Phlepsiini. Scaphoideini was resolved as paraphyletic with respect to Drabescini and three undescribed genera, but with little or no branch support for the basal branches of the group. Genera of Scaphoideini included in phylogenetic analyses here that were not included previously are Loipothea Linnavuori, 1969 , Omanana DeLong, 1942 , Scaphoidophyes Kirkaldy, 1906 , Anoplotettix Ribaut, 1942 and Mimotettix Matsumura, 1914 . Further taxon sampling and molecular data may help to resolve the relationships within this large tribe and its relationship to the other related tribes, but the available evidence suggests that this is a lineage distinct from other Athysanini , the tribe in which many of the genera were previously placed. The circumscription of the tribe here is based on the phylogenetic analyses and the morphological characters identified here as diagnostic for most members of the group. Representatives of most genera of Athysanini were examined or were reviewed from the literature for their potential placement in Scaphoideini. Further adjustments to the circumscription may be needed after more detailed study of the group. The Perugrampta group (including Perugramptella , Penthigrampta , and Stenogrampta ) is placed here pending further study. These genera possess the following characters that are diagnostic for Scaphoideini: profemur row AV setae absent, darkly pigmented reflexed branches of R vein, male or female pygofer or subgenital plates with tufts of fine or thick setae, subgenital plates with long fine setae laterally, and basal processes of the aedeagus or connective present and connected to base of aedeagus. Selected references Barnett (1977 , 1979 , 1980 ), Martinson (1977) , Knight & Fletcher (2007) , Viraktamath & Mohan (1994 , 2004 ), Stiller (2001) , Zhang & Dai (2006) , Freytag (2008) , Dominguez & Godoy (2010) , Dai & Dietrich (2011) . Included genera Acastroma Linnavuori, 1969 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Afroideus Linnavuori, 1961 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Alemaia Heller & Linnavuori, 1968 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Amimenus Ishihara, 1953 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Anoplotettix Ribaut, 1942 placement nov. (previously placed in Platymetopiina) Bampurius Dlabola, 1977 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Banus Distant, 1908 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Burakia Kocak, 1981 placement nov. (previously placed in Platymetopiina) Cantura Oman, 1949 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Caphodus Oman, 1938 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Capoideus Theron, 1974 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Coroticus Distant, 1918 placement nov. (transferred from Scaphytopiini ) Dariena Linnavuori & DeLong, 1977 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Delospilopterus Stiller, 2001 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Euscelidella Evans, 1954 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Ferganotettix Dubovsky, 1966 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Grammacephalus Haupt, 1929 placement nov. (transferred from Scaphytopiini ) Gunghuyana Distant, 1910 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Loipothea Linnavuori, 1969 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Longicornis Li & Song, 2008 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Madagella Evans, 1954 placement nov. (previously placed in Platymetopiina) Melanetettix Knight & Fletcher, 2007 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Mesotettix Matsumura, 1914 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Mimotettix Matsumura, 1914 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Mirzayansus Dlabola, 1979 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Monobazus Distant, 1908 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Moorada Ghauri, 1975 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Nataretus Theron, 1980 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Neolimnus Linnavuori, 1953 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Neophlepsius Linnavuori, 1955 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Omanana DeLong, 1942 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Osbornellus Ball, 1932 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Pachodus Linnavuori, 1961 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Parallygus Melichar, 1903 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Paramelia Evans, 1954 placement nov. (previously placed in Platymetopiina) Penthigrampta Dietrich & Rakitov, 2002 placement nov. (transferred from Penthimiini) Perugrampta Kramer, 1965 placement nov. (transferred from Penthimiini) Perugramptella Dietrich & Rakitov, 2002 placement nov. (transferred from Penthimiini) Phlogotettix Ribaut, 1942 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Phlogothamnus Ishihara, 1961 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Platyretus Melichar, 1903 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Premanus DeLong, 1944 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Prescottia Ball, 1932 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Scaphodhara Viraktamath & Mohan, 1994 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Scaphoidella Vilbaste, 1968 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Scaphoideus Uhler, 1889 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Scaphoidophyes Kirkaldy, 1906 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Scaphoidula Osborn, 1923 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Scaphomonus Viraktamath, 2009 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Sikhamani Viraktamath & Webb, 2006 placement nov. (transferred from Scaphytopiini ) Soleatus DeLong, 1971 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Spathanus DeLong, 1945 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini ) Stenogrampta Dietrich & Rakitov, 2002 placement nov. (transferred from Penthimiini) Sudhamruta Viraktamath & Anantha Murthy, 1999 placement nov. (transferred from Scaphytopiini ) Tbilisica Dlabola, 1958 placement nov. (previously placed in Platymetopiina) Thamnophryne Kirkaldy, 1907 placement nov. (previously unplaced in Deltocephalinae ) Thryaksha Viraktamath & Anantha Murthy, 1999 placement nov. (transferred from Scaphytopiini ) Tongdotettix Kwon, 1980 placement nov. (previously placed in Platymetopiina) Tuakamara Webb, 1980 placement nov. (previously placed in Platymetopiina) Univagris Viraktamath & Anantha Murthy, 1999 placement nov. (transferred from Scaphytopiini ) Wanritettix Vilbaste, 1969 placement nov. (transferred from Athysanini )