Bioacoustics of Cardiodactylus kotandora

Description. Average size for the species group. General coloration contrasted. Head dorsum yellow brown with 4 faint brown bands including 2 wide complete lateral ones with an anterior notch, most often fused to the dark brown fastigium, and 2 median, narrower punctuated bands; areas posterior to eyes yellow brown with 2 dark brown triangles ( Fig. 5K ). Scapes yellow brown, with a faint brown transverse band; rest of antennae orange brown. Front part of fastigium yellow with 2 dark brown spots. Face and mouthparts almost homogeneously yellow or light brown. Lateral side of head mostly gray brown or yellow brown, with a faint brown dorsal band. Maxillary palpi yellow brown, apex dark brown. Pronotum: Dorsal disk almost completely yellow brown, more or less mottled with brown; posterior edge dark brown. Lateral lobes mostly orange brown, ventral quarter yellowish. Legs I–II yellow brown, femora with faint orange brown spots and tibiae with rings. FIII homogeneously orange or yellow brown, knees dark brown. TIII dark brown. Tarsomeres III-1 yellow brown. Hind wing tail dark gray brown. Cerci light brown mottled with dark brown. Abdomen mostly orange brown to dark brown with vivid yellow and orange patterns laterally. Subgenital plate yellow brown. Male: FW coloration with dark brown to black and vivid yellow areas ( Fig. 9G ). Yellow areas include base of FWs (including bases of anal veins, CuA, M, R, Sc), anterior part of 3A, 1A excluding a small dark brown area near base), harp veins, most part of chordal area (veins yellow, cells translucent), and a wide band posterior to mirror with translucent cells and yellow veins, wider on inner region than externally. Black coloration variable, either on all non-yellow areas, or limited to region between FW base and transverse part of 1A and region posterior to harp including mirror and apical field. Sclerotized area at base of chords dark brown or orange brown. Apex of apical field grayish. Diagonal brown. M/R/Sc area and veins orange brown before, M/R area and veins black posterior to their fusion; apex and projections of Sc and more ventral veins of lateral field yellow, the cells between them dark brown. Ventral margin of and posterior triangular apex of lateral field translucent. FW venation ( Fig. 9G ): 1A clearly bisinuated. Stridulatory file with 215–230 teeth (m = 223; n = 3) on the transverse and angle parts of 1A, and 10–16 (m = 13; n = 3) teeth on a bump near base of 1A, with no clear discontinuity with the rest of the file ( Table 6 ). CuP absent. Harp with 2 w-shaped veins. Mirror area: mirror (d1) distinct, usually as long as wide, diamond-shaped, crossed at mid-length by a transverse vein; d2 not distinct. Cell e1 not crossed by transverse veins. Apical field with 4 cell alignments posterior to mirror (n = 5). Lateral field with 8–11 projections of Sc, some bifurcated basally (m = 10; n = 5) and 3–4 more ventral veins (m = 4; n = 5). Male genitalia ( Fig. 32E–G ): Pseudepiphallus shaped as a wide gutter. Apex of dorsal ridges with short setae, folded laterally, the lateral triangular expansions clearly asymmetrical, the left one larger and more posterior, the right one smaller and more anterior. Dorsal ridges almost convex in lateral view. Pseudepiphallic sclerite with wide triangular anterior expansions, the membrane between them setose. Posterior pseudepiphallic apex rounded, with a rounded translucent area. Rami with short apical stems oriented posteriorly. Ectophallic arc complete, without posterior expansion. Ectophallic fold with thin lateral sclerites; apex trilobate, membranous, median lobe oval. Endophallic sclerite small, with a triangular posterior expansion. Endophallic apodeme with a dorsal crest and lateral lamellas. Membrane of endophallic cavity smooth. Female: FWs mostly brown with orange brown veins, their base whitish, dorsal field with four whitish areas: a lateral one at FW mid-length, between CuP and Sc, followed by a black area; second whitish area median, at 1/4 of FW length; 2 fainter light areas more variable at 1/3 of FW length near inner margin. CuA and M whitish basally, then successively dark brown, whitish and dark brown again apically. M/R/Sc areas and veins orange brown; Sc apex whitish. Projections of Sc whitish, their base orange brown. FW venation ( Fig. 11F ): 10–11 (m = 10, n=3) strong longitudinal veins on dorsal field; lateral field with 11 (m = 11, n = 3) longitudinal veins including 7–8 projections of Sc and 3–4 ventral veins. Ovipositor of average length, slightly shorter than FIII; apex dorsal edge with only thinely denticulate; ventral edge more clearly denticulate ( Fig. 13H ). Female genitalia ( Fig. 14H ): Copulatory papilla conical, with strong and thick baso-lateral sclerites; apex rounded, slightly sclerotized, folded ventrally. Ventral membrane plicate longitudinally. Juvenile: brown, mottled with dark brown and yellow. Measurements. See Table 6 . Habitat and life history traits. Cardiodactylus kotandora is a nocturnal species living in secondary forested areas. Only juveniles were observed in the field in Flores , on low branches of bushes or small trees ( Fig. 33 ). Behavior. Calling song ( Fig. 34 ): Cardiodactylus kotandora has a mono-syllabic calling song. At 21°C, the calling songs are emitted in irregular groups of 1–9 (m = 4.2 ± 2.0, n = 3). Each syllable shows a very indented amplitude profile and has the following characteristics: syllable duration = 129.4 ± 14 ms; syllable period = 1.48 ± 0.33 s ; syllable duty cycle = 8.7 %. The power spectrum shows a clear harmonic pattern of the end of the syllable, but the spectrum has a rather wide band; the dominant frequency is 13.6 ± 0.9 kHz and corresponds to the third frequency peak. inued.