Bioacoustics of Cardiodactylus floresiensis

Description. Average to small size for the species group. General coloration yellow brown ( Fig. 21A–D ). Head dorsum yellow brown with 4 brown bands including 2 complete lateral ones fused to the dark brown fastigium without a clear anterior notch, and 2 median punctuated bands; areas posterior to eyes yellow brown with 2 brown triangles ( Fig. 5F ). Scapes yellow brown, with a faint brown transverse band; rest of antennae orange brown. Front part of fastigium yellow brown 2 dark brown stripes extended below antennae. Face yellow brown, with a transverse yellow band extended bellow eyes. Lateral side of head variable, mostly gray brown mottled with dark brown. Mouthparts yellow brown more or less mottled with brown. Maxillary palpi yellow brown, apex dark brown. Pronotum: Dorsal disk almost completely yellow brown, more or less mottled with brown; posterior edge dark brown. Lateral lobes mostly brown, ventral quarter yellowish. Legs I–II yellow brown, femora with faint orange brown spots and tibiae with rings. FIII homogeneously orange brown, knees dark brown. TIII dark brown, with faint yellow brown rings. Tarsomeres III-1 orange brown, their ends darker. Hind wing tail dark brown. Cerci yellow brown with faint dark brown rings, their bases dark brown. Abdomen mostly orange brown to dark brown. Subgenital plate yellow brown. Male: FW coloration dark brown with yellow areas ( Fig. 9D ) including bases of anal veins and anterior half of CuA, angle of 1A, harp veins, chords and a wide transverse band posterior to mirror. Black coloration on cell e1 and area between bases of 1A/2A and transverse part of 1A. Diagonal vein orange brown. Apex of apical field grayish. M/R/Sc area orange brown; M dark brown; R and Sc orange brown, apex of Sc whitish; M/R posterior junction yellow. Sc projections and more ventral veins of lateral field yellow. FW venation ( Fig. 9D ): 1A clearly bisinuated. Stridulatory file with about 181 teeth (n = 1) on the transverse and angle parts of 1A, and 14 more teeth on a bump near base of 1A ( Table 4 ). CuP absent. Harp with 2 w-shaped veins. Mirror area: mirror (d1) distinct, longer than wide, separated at 2/3 by a transverse vein; d2 as wide as mirror, made of 1 main cell. Cell e1 not crossed by transverse veins. Apical field with 4 cell alignments posterior to mirror (n = 3). Lateral field with 7 projections of Sc (n = 3) and 4–5 ventral veins (m = 4, n = 3). Male genitalia ( Fig. 21E–G ): Pseudepiphallus shaped as a wide gutter. Dorsal ridges divergent posteriorly, slightly asymmetrical in shape, with a postero-inner carination and a medio-outer one. Pseudepiphallic sclerite with long anterior expansions, blade-like, close in shape to the hook observed in C. rizali , the membrane between them with long setae. Posterior pseudepiphallic apex rounded, with a large square translucent area. Rami with short apical stems oriented anteriorly. Ectophallic arc complete, without posterior expansion. Ectophallic fold with lateral sclerites; apex trilobate, membranous, median lobe oval, smaller than lateral ones. Endophallic sclerite short its apodeme with a dorsal crest and narrow lateral lamellas. Membrane of endophallic cavity not clearly plicate. Female: FW coloration mostly dark brown, their base yellow brown, including bases of anal veins, and anterior half of CuA and M. Dark brown to black area including part of CuP and 1A posterior to yellow basis. R/Sc area and veins orange brown, apex of Sc whitish. Sc projections and more ventral veins yellow brown, the cells between them orange brown. FW venation ( Fig. 11D ): AT with 10 strong longitudinal veins on dorsal field; lateral field with 8 longitudinal veins including 5 projections of Sc and 3 more ventral veins. Ovipositor of average length, slightly shorter than FIII; apex with both dorsal and ventral edges denticulate ( Fig. 13D ). Female genitalia ( Fig. 14D ): Copulatory papilla triangular, with baso-lateral sclerites; apex rounded and slightly sclerotized, folded ventrally. Juvenile: Light brown, mottled with dark brown. Measurements. See Table 4 . Habitat and life history traits. Cardiodactylus floresiensis is a nocturnal species living in forested areas. Only juveniles were observed in the field in Flores , on low branches of bushes or small trees ( Fig. 22 ). Behavior. Calling song ( Fig. 23 ): Cardiodactylus floresiensis has a mono-syllabic calling song. At 21°C, the calling songs show a very indented amplitude profile. Syllables have the following characteristics: syllable duration = 84.0 ± 3.6 ms; syllable period = 2.5 ± 0.1 s ; syllable duty cycle = 3.4 %. The power spectrum shows a clear harmonic pattern; the dominant frequency is 15.43 ± 0.12 kHz and corresponds to the third frequency peak.