Bioacoustics of Urupelma peruvianum

Remarks Female paratype of Hemirrhagus peruvianus designated by Chamberlin (1916) ( MCZ 15886 , formerly RVC 324 , examined) from Peru , Huadquiña, is in fact an immature male (carapace length 4.50, the opening in the epigastric furrow and the seminal receptacles are absent) . Female ( MCZ 15414 , formerly RVC 140 ) from Peru , Tincochaca , and female ( MCZ 15417 , formerly RVC 141 ; Figure 7 ; Table 4 ) are also immature males . The specimens from Tincochaca and Santa Ana deposited in MCZ were labelled as paratypes although they had not been designated as types in the original publication ( Chamberlin, 1916 ) . Chamberlin (1916) listed among H. peruvianum specimens also specimen MCZ 15925 (formerly MCZ 325 , examined) from Urubamba , Cusco Department , Peru ( 2896 m above sea level ), but this specimen is in fact an immature female of Hapalotremus sp. MALE HOLOTYPE ( MCZ 15413 ): ( Figures 2 , 3 , 4A–D ) Total length: 15.09, carapace length 8.25, width 7.21, caput flattened, chelicerae with 13 teeth on promargin. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row slightly recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: ( Figure 2C ) AME 0.35 (circular), ALE 0.46 (oval), PME 0.32, PLE 0.39 (oval), AME-AME 0.13, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.53, PME-PLE 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.06, AME-PME 0.05, OQ length 0.73, width 1.33. Ocular tubercle length 0.99, width 1.33, clypeus absent. Fovea transverse, procurved, width 0.8, 5.7 from anterior edge of carapace. Labium length 1.04, width 1.42, anterior half with 27 cuspules, maxillae with 86 cuspules in flat basal half. Ventral maxillae without short spiniform setae. Sternum length 4.12, width 3.35, three pairs of sternal sigilla located near coxae III (length 0.42, 0.31 from edge of sternum), coxae II (length 0.25, 0.16 from edge of sternum) and coxae I (length 0.22, 0.13 from edge of sternum). Leg formula: IV > I> II > III . Incrassate leg segments: femur III . Maxillary and trochanteral stridulatory bristles absent. Scopulae: All tarsi 100% densely scopulate, metatarsi I 50%, metatarsi II 45%, metatarsi III 20%, metatarsi IV 15% scopulate. Tarsal scopulae I undivided, apical half of tarsal scopulae II divided by a longitudinal band of setae, tarsal scopulae III divided by a band of setae, tarsal scopulae IV divided by a wide band of setae. Dorsal face of all tarsi and cymbium with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Denticulation of paired tarsal claws (prolateral/retrolateral row): I 5/5, II 5/3, III 4/3, IV 3/ 3. Plumose setae on retrolateral face of femur IV absent. Spination: femora I d 1-3-2, II d 0-0-3, III d 1-1-4, IV d 0-1-5 and femora of palps p 0-0-1; patellae I v 0-0-2, p 0-1-0, II v 0-0-1 (apical), III p 0-0-1, r 0-1-1, IV p 0-0-1, r 0-1-0 and patellae of palps p 0-0-1; tibiae I v (2–3)-(2–3)-(0–1) (apical), p 0-1-1, II v 1-1-3 (apical), p 0- 1-1, r 1-0-1, III v 2-2-3 (apical), p 1-0-1, r 1-0-1, IV v 2-3-4 (apical), p 3-2-2, r 1-1-1-1 and tibiae of palps p 1-2-1; metatarsi I v 1-2-1 (apical), p 0-1-0, II v 2-2-1 (apical), p 0-1-0, r 0-1-1, III v 3- 2-1-3 (apical), p 2-1-1, r 0-1-1, IV v 3-3-1-3 (apical), p 1-1-1-1-1, r 0-1-1-1-1, tarsi I–IV and tarsi of palps 0. Femur Patella Tibia Metatarsus Tarsus Total Palp 4.3 2.6 4.2 – 1.7 12.8 Leg I 7.4 4.2 6.3 5.2 4.1 27.2 Leg II 6.6 3.6 5.1 4.9 3.9 24.1 Leg III 5.9 3.2 4.4 5.9 3.7 23.1 Leg IV 7.8 3.5 6.5 9.0 4.3 31.1 Femur Patella Tibia Metatarsus Tarsus Total Palp 3.7 2.4 3.8 – 1.4 11.3 Leg I 6.7 3.8 5.2 4.3 3.4 23.4 Leg II 5.9 3.2 4.2 3.9 3.4 20.6 Leg III 5.3 2.9 3.7 4.7 3.3 19.9 Leg IV 7.0 3.1 5.7 7.4 3.6 26.8 Femur Patella Tibia Metatarsus Tarsus Total Palp 3.8 2.4 2.7 – 2.9 11.8 Leg I 5.1 3.5 4.1 3.0 2.6 18.3 Leg II 4.6 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.7 16.2 Leg III 4.1 2.5 2.7 3.7 3.0 16.0 Leg IV 5.4 2.9 4.4 5.9 3.7 22.3 Femur Patella Tibia Metatarsus Tarsus Total Palp 4.1 2.6 3.9 – 1.7 12.3 Leg I 7.3 4.1 6.1 5.2 4.0 26.7 Leg II 6.5 3.8 5.0 4.9 3.7 23.9 Leg III 5.8 3.3 4.3 5.9 3.5 22.8 Leg IV 7.7 3.6 6.4 8.5 4.1 30.3 Palpal organ as in Figure 4A–D , embolus short and stout with three keels, PS, PI, A and R keel, PI keel is semi-oval, well developed and not basally joined with A keel. PS keel is present on tegulum. Sperm pore is between PI and A keel. Tegulum with short basal apophysis. Retrolateral lobe of cymbium covered with short spiniform setae. Prolateral cymbial lobe is larger than retrolateral one. Palpal tibia tapers to the apex, its retrolateral face with distinct subapical protuberance ( Figure 3B ). Two unequal, basally fused subapical apophyses are present on tibia I ( Figure 3C ): a longer retrolateral tibial apophysis with short apical spine, and a shorter prolateral tibial apophysis with single, retrolateral spine reaching the apex. Metatarsus I not sigmoidly curved and without basal or median protuberance on retrolateral face. When flexed, metatarsus I contacts the retrolateral side of retrolateral tibial apophysis. Abdomen ( Figure 2E, F ): urticating setae of type III are located in a central patch. Size of the patch: length 4.83, width 2.79. PLS: length 2.96, basal segment 1.12, middle segment 0.90, apical segment 0.94, all digitiform. PMS: 0.49. Colouration and covering setae: dorsal view: brown, damaged by long-term preservation in alcohol. MALE (MCZ 15415): ( Figures 4E–H , 5 , 6 ) Total length: 14.35, carapace length 7.29, width 6.43, caput flattened, chelicerae with 11 teeth on promargin. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: ( Figure 5E ) AME 0.26 (circular), ALE 0.43 (oval), PME 0.26, PLE 0.31 (oval), AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.48, PME-PLE 0.03, ALE-PLE 0.10, AME-PME 0.06, OQ length 0.65, width 1.26. Ocular tubercle flattened, length 0.91, width 1.26, clypeus absent. Fovea transverse, slightly procurved, width 0.9, 4.8 from anterior edge of carapace. Labium length 0.88, width 1.27, anterior third with 22 cuspules, left maxilla with 105 cuspules in basal half, right maxilla is missing. Ventral maxillae without short spiniform setae. Sternum length 3.96, width 2.87, three pairs of sternal sigilla located near coxae III (length 0.29, 0.25 from edge of sternum), coxae II (length 0.25, 0.17 from edge of sternum) and coxae I. Leg formula: IV> I> II> III. Incrassate leg segments: femur III. Maxillary and trochanteral stridulatory bristles absent. Scopulae: All tarsi 100% densely scopulate, metatarsi I 60%, metatarsi II 50%, metatarsi III 35%, metatarsi IV 10% scopulate. Tarsal scopulae I undivided, tarsal scopulae II–IV divided by a longitudinal band of setae. Dorsal face of all tarsi and cymbium with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Denticulation of paired tarsal claws (prolateral/retrolateral row): I 4/3, II 3/3, III 3/3, IV?/? (both pairs of tarsal claws are missing). Plumose setae on retrolateral face of femur IV absent. Spination: femora I d 0-0-2, II d 0-0-2, III v 0-0-1, d 0-0-4, IV d 0-1-3 and femora of palps p 0-0-1; patellae I v 0-0-1 (apical), II v 0-0-1 (apical), p 0-0-1, III p 0-0-1, IV v 0-0-1, p 0-1-0 and patellae of palps 0; tibiae I v 1-1-1 (apical), p 0-0-1, r 0-1-0, II v 2-2-3 (apical), p 0-1-1, III v 1- 1-3 (apical), p 0-2-1, r 2-2-0, IV v 1-2-1-3 (apical), p 1-2-1, r 1-1-1 and tibiae of palps p 0-0-2; metatarsi I v 0-0-1 (apical), p 0-1-0, r 1-0-0, II v 1-1-2 (apical), p 0-1-1, III v 3-1-3 (apical), p 2- 1-1, r 0-1-1, IV v 2-1-3 (apical), p 1-1-1, r 2-1-1, tarsi I–IV and tarsi of palps 0. Palpal organ as in Figure 4E–H , embolus short and stout with five keels, PS, PI, A, R keel and accessory keel between PS and PI keel located on tegulum. PS keel is placed on tegulum. PI keel is well developed with subapical lobe. PI keel is not basally joined with A keel. R keel has a small subapical tooth. Tegulum with short basal apophysis. Retrolateral lobe of cymbium covered with short spiniform setae. Retrolateral cymbial lobe is larger than prolateral one. Palpal tibia tapers to the apex, its retrolateral face with distinct subapical protuberance ( Figure 5C ). Two unequal, basally fused subapical apophyses are present on tibia I ( Figure 6A ): a longer retrolateral tibial apophysis with short apical spine, a shorter prolateral tibial apophysis with single, retrolateral spine of the same length as this apophysis. Metatarsus I not sigmoidly curved and without basal or median protuberance on retrolateral face. When flexed, metatarsus I contacts the retrolateral side of retrolateral tibial apophysis. Abdomen ( Figure 5F ): urticating setae of type III are located in a central patch. Size of the patch: length 2.87, width 2.54. PLS: length 2.91, basal segment 0.99, middle segment 0.78, apical segment 1.14, all digitiform. PMS: 0.68. Colouration and covering setae: dorsal view: brown, damaged by long-term preservation in alcohol. MALE (MUSM-ENT 0510457): ( Figures 8 , 9 , 13A–D ) Total length: 18.02, carapace length 8.81, width 7.18, chelicerae with 13 teeth on promargin. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: ( Figure 8C ) AME 0.38 (circular), ALE 0.47 (oval), PME 0.29, PLE 0.36 (oval), AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.56, PME-PLE 0.09, ALE-PLE 0.14, AME-PME 0.18, OQ length 0.81, width 1.48. Ocular tubercle length 1.13, width 1.48, clypeus absent. Fovea transverse, slightly procurved, width 1.17, 5.90 from anterior edge of carapace. Labium length 1.05, width 1.50, anterior quarter with 41 cuspules, maxillae with 139–140 cuspules in basal half. Apical half of maxilla without spiniform setae. Sternum length 4.26, width 3.58, three pairs of sternal sigilla located near coxae III (length 0.34, 0.49 from edge of sternum), coxae II (length 0.23, 0.18 from edge of sternum) and coxae I (length 0.10, 0.12 from edge of sternum). Leg formula: IV> I> II> III. Incrassate leg segments: slightly incrassate femur III. Maxillary and trochanteral stridulatory bristles absent. Scopulae: All tarsi 100% densely scopulate, metatarsi I 60%, metatarsi II 60%, metatarsi III 20%, metatarsi IV 20% scopulate. Tarsal scopulae I–II undivided, tarsal scopulae III–IV divided by a longitudinal band of setae. Dorsal face of all tarsi and cymbium with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Denticulation of paired tarsal claws on left leg (prolateral/retrolateral row): I 3/4, II 3/4, III 3/3, IV 3/2. Plumose setae on retrolateral face of femur IV absent. Spination: femora I d 0-0-3, II d 0-2-2, III d 0-2-4, IV d 0-2-4 and femora of palps d 0-0-1; patellae I v 0-0-2 (apical), II v 0-0-1, III 0, IV p 0-0-1, r 0-1-0 and patellae of palps 0; tibiae I v 2-2-1 (apical), p 1-0-1, r 1-0-0, II v 1-1-2 (apical), p 1-0-1, r 1-1-0, III v 2-2-2 (apical), p 2-2-0, d 1-1-0, IV v 3-4-3 (apical), p 1-0-1, r 1-0-1 and tibiae of palps p 1-0-3; metatarsi I v 0-1-1 (apical), p 0-1-0, r 1-1-0, II v 2-1-1 (apical), p 0-1-1, III v 2-1-3 (aoical), p 2-2-1, r 1-1-1, IV v 2-2-3 (apical), p 2-1-1-1-1, r 2-2-1-1, tarsi I– IV and tarsi of palps 0. Palpal organ as in Figure 13A–D , embolus short and stout with four keels, PS, PI, A and R keel. PS keel bipartite (PS1, PS2), disconnected, PS1 short and restricted to apex of embolus, PS2 is present on tegulum. PI with oval lobe. Sperm pore between PI and A keel. R keel has a small subapical tooth. Tegulum with short basal apophysis. Retrolateral lobe of cymbium covered with short spiniform setae. Retrolateral cymbial lobe distinctly larger than prolateral one. Retrolateral face of palpal tibia with distinct subapical conical process, apically thinly covered with short spiniform setae ( Figure 9A ). Two unequal subapical apophyses are present on tibia I ( Figure 9B ): a longer retrolateral tibial apophysis with short subapical spine, a shorter prolateral tibial apophysis with single, retrolateral spine overreaching the apex, approximately the same length as prolateral tibial apophysis. Metatarsus I not sigmoidly curved and without basal or median protuberance on retrolateral face. When flexed, metatarsus I contacts the retrolateral side of retrolateral tibial apophysis. Abdomen ( Figure 8D ): urticating setae of type III are located in a central patch. Size of the patch: length 2.62, width unknown (abdomen damaged). PLS: length 3.04, basal segment 1.09, middle segment 0.78, apical segment 1.17, all digitiform. PMS: 0.66. Colouration and covering setae: dorsal view: ( Figure 8A, D ) carapace, chelicerae, coxae and trochantera brown, femora dark brown, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brown. Patellae I, II and palpal patella with two equal longitudinal stripes without covering setae, patellae III, IV with two unequal diagonal stripes without covering setae. Abdomen brown. Ventral view: labium, maxillae, sternum, coxae and trochantera yellowish brown, legs brown, abdomen brown. Spinnerets light brown. FEMALE: Unknown.