Bioacoustics of Urupelma machiguenga

Distribution and natural history Known only from the type locality in Peru , Cusco , Convención province , Echarati ( Figures 76 , 77 ) . In that locality, the spiders were found under stones. MALE (MUSM-ENT 0513029): ( Figures 45–48 ) Total length: 19.58, carapace length 8.83, width 7.94, chelicerae with 10 teeth on promargin. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: ( Figure 46C ) AME 0.33 (circular), ALE 0.42 (oval), PME 0.34 (oval), PLE 0.38 (oval), AME-AME 0.13, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.53, PME-PLE 0.05, ALE-PLE 0.13, AME-PME 0.06, OQ length 0.78, width 1.40. Ocular tubercle length 1.04, width 1.40, clypeus narrow, length 0.078. Fovea transverse, procurved, deep, width 0.94, 6.14 from anterior edge of carapace. Labium length 1.23, width 1.58, anterior half with 59 cuspules, maxillae with 159–172 cuspules in basal half. Ventral maxilla without short spiniform setae. Coxa I prolaterally covered with short spiniform setae. Sternum length 4.59, width 3.71, three pairs of sternal sigilla located near coxae III (length 0.51, 0.36 from edge of sternum), coxae II (length 0.26, 0.22 from edge of sternum) and coxae I (length 0.20, 0.21 from edge of sternum). Leg formula: IV> I> II> III. Incrassate leg segments: incrassate femur III. Maxillary and trochanteral stridulatory bristles absent. Scopulae: All tarsi 100% densely scopulate, metatarsi I 80%, metatarsi II 50%, metatarsi III 25%, metatarsi IV 15% scopulate. Tarsal scopulae I undivided, tarsal scopulae II–III divided by a longitudinal line of setae, tarsal scopulae IV divided by a longitudinal band of setae. Dorsal face of all tarsi and cymbium with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Denticulation of paired tarsal claws on left leg (prolateral/ retrolateral row): I 3/2, II 2/3, III 3/2, IV 3/4. Plumose setae on retrolateral face of femur IV absent. Spination: femora I d 0-1-3, II d 0-2-3, III d 0-4-2, IV d 0-0-2 and femora of palps d 0-0-1; patellae I v 0-0-3, II v 0-0-1, III p 0-2-0, IV 0 and patellae of palps 0; tibiae I v 2-1-1-1 (apical), p 0-1-1, II v 2-1-3 (apical), p 0-1-1, III v 2-1-3 (apical), p 0-1-1, r 0-1-1, IV v 2-2-3 (apical), p 0- 1-1, r 1-1-1 and tibiae of palps p 1-2-1; metatarsi I v 0-0-1 (apical), p 1-0-0, II v 2-1-1 (apical), p 0-1-0, III v 2-2-3 (apical), p 2-1-1, r 1-1-1, IV v 3-1-2-3 (apical), p 1-1-1, r 1-1-1, tarsi I–IV and tarsi of palps 0. Palpal organ as in Figure 48 , embolus short and stout with three keels, PI, A and R keel, PI keel apically subtriangular, A keel transparent, R keel well developed. Tegulum with short basal conical apophysis. Retrolateral lobe of cymbium covered with short spiniform setae. Prolateral cymbial lobe larger than retrolateral one. Retrolateral face of palpal tibia without subapical protuberance ( Figure 47A ). Two unequal subapical apophyses are present on tibia I ( Figure 47B ): a longer retrolateral tibial apophysis with short apical spine, a shorter prolateral tibial apophysis with single, retrolateral spine. Metatarsus I not sigmoidly curved and without basal or median protuberance on retrolateral face. When flexed, metatarsus I contacts the retrolateral side of retrolateral tibial apophysis. Abdomen: ( Figure 46D, E ) urticating setae of type III are located in a central patch. Size of the patch: length 2.95, width 3.56. PLS: length 3.46, basal segment 1.61, middle segment 0.86, apical segment 0.99, all digitiform. PMS: 1.04. Colouration and covering setae: dorsal view: ( Figure 45 ) carapace, coxae and trochantera covered with golden pubescence, femora dark grey, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brown. Patellae I, II and palpal patella with two equal longitudinal stripes without covering setae, patellae III, IV with two unequal diagonal stripes without covering setae. Abdomen dark brown intermixed with long pale setae, central patch darker than the rest of abdomen. Ventral view: maxillae, labium, sternum reddish brown, sparsely covered with covering setae, legs brown, ventral abdomen yellowish brown, except for paler booklungs. Spinnerets dark grey. FEMALE (MUSM-ENT 0513027): ( Figures 49 , 51 , 52C–F ) Total length: 30.01, carapace length 11.48, width 9.63, chelicerae with 10–11 teeth on promargin. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row slightly recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: ( Figure 51C ) AME 0.45 (circular), ALE 0.44 (oval), PME 0.39 (oval), PLE 0.40 (oval), AME-AME 0.18, AME-ALE 0.13, PME-PME 0.78, PME-PLE 0.07, ALE-PLE 0.18, AME-PME 0.10, OQ length 0.91, width 1.69. Ocular tubercle: length 1.35, width 1.69, clypeus narrow, length 0.208. Fovea transverse, straight, width 1.77, 7.58 from anterior edge of carapace. Labium length 1.70, width 2.24, anterior half with 86 cuspules, maxillae with 272–277 cuspules in basal half and without short spiniform setae in apical half. Sternum length 5.80, width 4.72, with three visible pairs of sternal sigilla located near coxae III (length 0.68, 0.62 from edge of sternum), coxae II (length 0.31, 0.40 from edge of sternum) and coxae I (length 0.18, 0.51 from edge of sternum). Cuspules on labiosternal suture joined. Leg formula: IV> I> II> III. All leg segments uniform. Scopulae: All tarsi 100% densely scopulate, metatarsi I 95%, metatarsi II 60%, metatarsi III 25%, metatarsi IV 20% scopulate. Tarsal scopulae I integral, II divided by a line of longitudinal setae, III divided by a narrow band of setae, in tarsi IV divided by a wide band of setae. Dorsal face of all tarsi and cymbium with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Denticulation of paired tarsal claws on right legs (prolateral/ retrolateral row): I 4/4, II 3/3, III 3/3, IV 2/3. Plumose setae on retrolateral face of femur IV absent. Spination: femora I d 0-0-1, II d 0-0-1, III d 0-0-1, IV d 0-0-1 and femora of palps d 0-0-1, patellae III p 0-1-0, tibiae I v 0-1-1 (apical), II v 0-1-2 (apical), p 0-1-0, III v 0-1-4 (apical), p 1- 1-0, r 1-1-0, IV v 2-1-2 (apical), r 0-1-0 and tibiae of palps v 1-1-3 (apical), metatarsi I v 0-0-1 (apical), II v 1-1-1 (apical), III v 2-2-3 (apical), p 1-1-1, r 0-1-1, IV v 2-2-2-3 (apical), p 0-1-1, r 0- 1-1, tarsi I–IV and tarsi of palps 0. Spermathecae: ( Figure 52C–F ) two separated oval seminal receptacles with sub-basal constriction and SBE, which are not fused. Abdomen: urticating setae of type III are located in oval central patch. Length of the central patch: 5.38, width 5.62. PLS: length 5.72, basal segment 2.34, middle segment 1.64, apical segment 1.74, all digitiform. PMS: 1.46. Colouration and covering setae: dorsal view: ( Figure 49 ) carapace brown, lateral and posterior edge of carapace thicky covered with pale setae, cephalus domed and sparsely covered with protruding setae, thorax lighter than cephalus, chelicerae covered with light brown setae, coxae and trochantera covered with pale setae, femora black with light violet irridescence, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brown, intermixed with long, pale setae. Patellae I, II and palpal patella with two almost equal parallel longitudinal stripes without covering setae, patellae III, IV with two unequal diagonal stripes. Palpal femur prolaterally partly bare. Femur I prolaterally without spiniform setae in basal half. Abdomen ( Figure 49 ) dark brown with long pale setae, more concentrated in the area of urticating setae. Ventral view: maxillae, labium, sternum, coxae, trochantera, femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi brown. Abdomen ventrally brown, except for the anterior and posterior booklungs which are yellowish brown. Spinnerets brown. Variability The variability in the shape of spermathecae is shown in Figure 52 .