Bioacoustics of Thapaia

Amended description. Generic characteristics according to Thapa (1989) , Song and Li (2009) , and Cao et al. (2019) . Body yellow or white, with dorsal patterns usually in red, orange, or brown. Head with anterior margin medially produced, slightly narrower than pronotum, or subequal to or broader than pronotum. Known species of this genus with vertex bearing a pair of dark preapical spots and a pair of dark brown spots arising downward from posterior margin; these serve as taxonomic diagnostic characters. Coronal suture distinct or indistinct. Junction of vertex and pronotum dark-colored. Face broadened, with anteclypeus almost black or brownish black, nearly pentagonal. Eyes black. Pronotum broad, often with obvious dark patterns. Scutellum yellow or orange, with basal triangles and apex black; transverse impression distinct, with two small, rounded spots above it. Forewing with large, dark patterns in bright ochre-yellow or dirty-brown, with special venation for Erythroneurini , CuA′ fused with MP proximal to MP bifurcation, leading to petiolate shape of second apical cell; MP ″ + CuA′ curved basally; AA fused with AP. Hind wing with RA absent. Abdominal apodemes not reaching or exceeding 3 rd sternite. Male genitalia. Anal tube often with pair of basal processes, distal area near ventral side with good sclerotization. Pygofer with dorsal appendages, firmly fused to the pygofer lobe at basal margins. Pygofer lobe hind margin acutely produced, often with small group of microsetae around it; several long and rigid setae, or long and slender cilia, scattered on surface of pygofer lobe. Subgenital plate expanded at base, with 4 or 5 macrosetae on lateral surface, apex bending towards internal margin, dentiform, or rounded without curve. Style apex slender or with a second end point, preapical lobe small but prominent or broad and distinct. Aedeagal shaft tubular; preatrium length variable, with or without processes; dorsal apodeme swollen slightly. Connective with distinctly developed lateral arms, central lobe distinct or vestigial, stem short or absent.

Distribution. Oriental and eastern Palaearctic Regions: China ( Henan , Guizhou , Sichuan , Tibet ), India ( Sikkim ), and Nepal (Kathmandu). Checklist of species of the genus Thapaia Dmitriev & Dietrich, 2006 Thapaia malingensis Yuan & Song , sp. nov. Distribution. China ( Guizhou ). Thapaia multibudna Song & Li, 2009 Thapaia multibudna Song & Li, 2009: 65 ; Song and Li 2014: 191 . Distribution. China ( Guizhou ). Thapaia nema ( Thapa, 1989 ) Masaakia nema Thapa, 1989: 42 , 121; Thapaia nema ( Thapa, 1989 ) in Dmitriev and Dietrich 2006: 37 . Distribution. Nepal (Kathmandu). Thapaia plumula Song & Li, 2009 Thapaia plumula Song & Li, 2009: 65 ; Song and Li 2014: 192 ; Cao et al. 2019: 198 . Distribution. China ( Henan , Sichuan ). Thapaia sikkimensis ( Dworakowska, 1994 ) Sandanella sikkimensis Dworakowska, 1994: 55 , 124, 187; Masaakia sikkimensis ( Dworakowska, 1994 ) in Sohi 1998: 93 . Distribution. India ( Sikkim ). Thapaia tibetensis Cao, Dmitriev, Dietrich & Zhang, 2019 Thapaia tibetensis Cao et al., 2019: 198 . Distribution. China ( Tibet ). Thapaia tina Song & Li, 2009 Thapaia tina Song & Li, 2009: 63 ; Song and Li 2014: 193 . Distribution. China ( Henan ). Key to males of Thapaia worldwide 1 Aedeagal shaft curved dorsally, without any processes T. malingensis sp. nov. – Aedeagal shaft with processes (apical, median, or basal processes) 2 2 Aedeagal shaft slender, with a pair of long apical processes (approximately 1 / 3 length of aedeagal shaft) T. tibetensis – Aedeagal shaft short and thick or of medium thickness, with paired short processes 3 3 Aedeagal shaft without obvious large ventral process at base 4 – Aedeagal shaft with one large ventral process at base 5 4 Paired apical processes of aedeagal shaft bifurcated T. sikkimensis – Paired apical processes of aedeagal shaft unbranched, with a pair of subapical accessory processes T. plumula 5 Aedeagal shaft with two pairs of apical processes T. tina – Aedeagal shaft with only one pair of apical processes 6 6 Aedeagal shaft with one pair of small lateral processes near base T. multibudna – Aedeagal shaft without small lateral processes near base T. nema

Remarks. In the original description of the genus ( THAPA 1989 ), the pygofer side was described as having “only a small process at hind margin”, but the pygofer dorsal appendage was not mentioned. SONG & LI (2009) described the genus as having the “pygofer without dorsal or ventral appendages”. However, both description and drawings of T. sikkimensis ( Dworakowska, 1994 ) illustrated the pygofer with a dorsal appendage ( DWORAKOWSKA 1994 ). For both species examined in this study, we found that the pygofer dorsal appendage is in fact present but immovably fused to the lobe at both basal and ventral margins, thus, it can easily be confused as part of the lobe itself. Therefore, in all known species, except for T. sikkimensis , the small process on the dorso-caudal angle of the pygofer is probably the apical hook of the pygofer dorsal appendage. Diversity and distribution. Currently including six species distributed in the Oriental and eastern Palaearctic Regions: China ( Henan , Guizhou , Sichuan , Tibet ) ( SONG & LI 2009 ), India ( DWORAKOWSKA 1994 ), and Nepal ( THAPA 1989 ).