Bioacoustics of Tautoneura

Species checklist of Tautoneura from China T . ahmedi Dworakowska, 1977: 290 , Figs 69–76. China ( Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan ); India T . albida ( Dworakowska, 1970 ) : 353, Figs 51, 52, 65–70. China ( Guangdong , Guizhou ) T . apicidentata Lin & Zhang sp. nov. Figs 1a–d , 2 . China ( Yunnan ) T . arachisi ( Matsumura, 1916 ) : 397; Dworakowska, 1970: 348 , Figs 10, 27–33; Ahmed, 1971: 177 , Fig. 2 ; Dworakowska & Sohi, 1978: 39 . China ( Henan , Anhui , Fujian , Jiangxi , Hunan , Sichuan , Guizhou , Guangdong , Hainan , Guangxi , Taiwan) ; Japan ; India T . aureomarginalis Tan & Song, 2022: 280 , Figs 1–4 , 9–16. China ( Guizhou ) T . baiyunshana Song, Li & Xiong, 2011: 65 , Figs 1 –9. China ( Henan ) T . bicruris Lin & Zhang sp. nov. Figs 1e–h , 3 . China ( Guangxi ) T . bracteiformis Lin & Zhang sp. nov. Figs 1m –p , 5 . China ( Guangdong ) T . caoi Song, Li & Xiong, 2011: 69 , Figs 19–27 China ( Gansu ) T . choui Ma, 1983: 149 , Figs 1 –8. China ( Shaanxi ) T . diasonica ( Chiang & Knight, 1990 ) : 215, Fig 13; Yang, Cao & Zhang, 2013: 139 . China ( Taiwan) T . elscinta ( Chiang & Knight, 1990 ) : 217, Fig 14; Yang, Cao & Zhang, 2013: 139 . China ( Yunnan , Taiwan) T . erythropanctata ( Ramakrishnan & Menon, 1973 ) :32; Dworakowska, 1981: 241, Figs 78–85. China ( Yunnan ); India T . formosa ( Dworakowska, 1970 ) : 353, Figs71–73, 79–83; Dworakowska, 1977: 290 . China ( Jiangsu ) T . fusca ( Dworakowska, 1970 ) :353, Figs 56–64; Dworakowska, 1977: 290 . China ( Guangdong ) T . gigaerythromacula Lin & Zhang sp. nov. Figs 1i–l , 4 . China ( Shaanxi ) T. indefinita ( Dworakowska, 1970 ) n. rec. : 348, Figs 15, 16, 43–47, 55; Song, Li & Xiong, 2011: 71 . China ( Hubei ); Fiji ; Western Samoa T. lageniformis Pu & Song, 2022: 280 , Figs 5 –8, 17–24. China ( Guizhou ) T . longiprocessa Song & Li, 2008: 65 , Figs 11–20, 25, 26. China ( Guizhou ) T . mayarami Mathew & Ramakrishnan, 1996: 1 , Fig 1 . China ( Guizhou ); India T. misrai Dworakowska, 1977: 290 , Figs. 77–86. China ( Yunnan ); India T . mori ( Matsumura, 1910 ) :121; Dworakowska, 1970: 347 , Figs 17–23, 74–78. China ( Shaanxi , Zhejiang , Henan , Hebei ) T . mukla Dworakowska, 1981: 197 , Figs 481–491. China ( Gansu , Yunnan ); India T . multimaculata Song & Li, 2008: 63 , Figs 1 –10. China ( Guizhou ) T . prima Dworakowska, 1979: 27 , Figs 222–231. China ( Yunnan ); Vietnam T . puerensis ( Song & Li, 2012 ) : 30, Figs 18–24; Yang, Cao & Zhang, 2013: 140 . China ( Yunnan ) T. sanguinalis ( Distant, 1918 ) : 101; Dworakowska, 1979: 157, Figs 124–129. China ( Shandong ); India T . sinica Dworakowska, 1970: 348 , Figs 3 –9, 40–42; Dworakowska, 1977: 290 . China ( Shaanxi , Jiangsu , Guangdong ) T. takaonella ( Matsumura, 1932 ) : 118; Dworakowska, 1970: 348 , Figs 11–13. China ( Taiwan) ; Japan T. tengchongna Song & Li, 2014: 176 , Fig 2 .117. China ( Yunnan ) T. trimaculata Song & Li, 2013: 35 , Figs. 10–18. China ( Henan , Shaanxi ) T. tripunctula ( Melichar, 1903 ) : 220; Dworakowska, 1981: 241; Dworakowska, 1994 : Figs 30–31. China ( Guizhou ); India ; Sri Lanka ; Sikkim; Java T. unicolor Dworakowska, 1979: 29 , Figs 196–208. China ( Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan ); Vietnam T. yunnanensis Song, Li & Xiong, 2011: 67 , Figs 10–18. China ( Hubei , Yunnan )

Key to species of the genus Tautoneura from China (males) 1. Crown with two longitudinal red stripes convergent at apex.................................................... 2 Vertex without convergent longitudinal stripes ( Figs 1a, c, e, g, i, k, m, o )......................................... 3 2. Forewing with spots on apical cells....................................................... T . mori (Matsumura) Forewing without spot on apical cells................................................. T. takaonella (Matsumura) 3. Aedeagal shaft without process.......................................................................... 4 Aedeagal shaft with one or more processes ( Figs 2h, i , 3h, i , 4h, i , 5h, i )......................................... 11 4. Aedeagus with 1 pair of preatrium processes................................................................ 5 Aedeagus without preatrium process...................................................................... 6 5. Pygofer dorsal appendage almost straight in lateral view................................... T . arachisi (Matsumura) Pygofer dorsal appendage curved ventrad............................... T . erythropanctata (Ramakrishnan & Menon) 6. Style with second extension relatively long................................................................. 7 Style with second extension relatively short................................................................ 8 7. Connective with manubrium long and slim.......................................... T . elscinta (Chiang & Knight) Connective with manubrium not as above.................................................................. 9 8. Pygofer with ventral appendage........................................................ T. misrai Dworakowska Pygofer without ventral appendage............................................. T . yunnanensis Song, Li & Xiong 9. Aedeagal shaft with apex bifurcated.................................................... T . mukla Dworakowska Aedeagal shaft with apex not bifurcated.................................................................. 10 10. Abdominal apodemes extending to middle of sternite III............................. T . diasonica (Chiang & Knight) Abdominal apodemes extending to middle of sternite IV.................................. T. tengchongna Song & Li 11. Aedeagal shaft with 2 pairs of processes ( Figs 4h, i )......................................................... 12 Aedeagal shaft not with 2 pairs of processes ( Figs 2h, i , 3h, i , 5h, i )............................................. 17 12. Aedeagal shaft with upper processes long and lower processes extremely short ( Figs 4h, i ).......................... 13 Aedeagal shaft with both pairs of processes long........................................................... 14 13. Male 2S abdominal apodemes long and broad, extending to sternite Ⅴ ...................... T . longiprocessa Song & Li Male 2S abdominal apodemes small, not exceeding sternite IV ( Fig. 4b )......................................... 15 14. Connective with manubrium long and slim............................................ T . formosa (Dworakowska) Connective with manubrium degraded............................................. T . aureomarginalis Tan & Song 15. Anal tube appendage not extending to inferior margin of pygofer side........................................... 16 Anal tube appendage exceeding inferior margin of pygofer side ( Figs 4a, d )..... T . gigaerythromacula Lin & Zhang sp. nov. 16. Forewing with 2 spots near outer margin......................................... T . baiyunshana Song, Li & Xiong Forewing without spot near outer margin............................................... T. lageniformis Pu & Song 17. Aedeagal shaft with asymmetrical processes ( Figs 5h, i )...................................................... 18 Aedeagal shaft with symmetrical processes ( Figs 2h, i , 3h, i ).................................................. 19 18. Aedeagal shaft with apical process...................................................... T . sanguinalis (Distant) Aedeagal shaft without apical process....................................... T . bracteiformis Lin & Zhang sp. nov. 19. Aedeagal shaft with basal or subbasal processes............................................................ 20 Aedeagal shaft with apical or subapical processes ( Figs 2h, i , 3h, i )............................................. 24 20. Pygofer dorsal appendage not bifurcated.................................................................. 21 Pygofer dorsal appendage bifurcated..................................................................... 22 21. Aedeagus with preatrium subequal to shaft................................... T . mayarami Mathew & Ramakrishnan Aedeagus with preatrium much shorter than shaft......................................... T. trimaculata Song & Li 22. Pygofer dorsal appendage bifurcated subapically......................................... T . caoi Song, Li & Xiong Pygofer dorsal appendage bifurcated medially............................................................. 23 23. Aedeagal shaft with processes divergent from shaft....................................... T . ahmedi Dworakowska Aedeagal shaft with processes adjoining shaft............................................ T . albida (Dworakowska) 24. Aedeagal shaft with processes subapically................................................................. 25 Aedeagal shaft with processes apically ( Figs 2h, i , 3h, i )..................................................... 28 25. Pygofer with ventral appendage......................................................................... 26 Pygofer without ventral appendage................................................... T . unicolor Dworakowska 26. Aedeagal shaft with dentations or finger-like processes...................................................... 27 Aedeagal shaft with robust processes.................................................... T . sinica Dworakowska 27. Aedeagal shaft with finger-like processes................................................ T . prima Dworakowska Aedeagal shaft with dentations................................................ T. indefinita (Dworakowska) n.rec. 28. Style with apex long and slim.......................................................................... 29 Style with apex relatively short ( Figs 2f, g , 3f, g )........................................................... 30 29. Male 2S abdominal apodemes long, extending to middle of sternite Ⅴ ......................... T . puerensis (Song & Li) Male 2S abdominal apodemes short, not extending to sternite IV............................. T . fusca (Dworakowska) 30. Pronotum with red pattern nearly rectangular medially............................................... T . choui Ma Pronotum without red pattern ( Figs 1a, c, e, g )............................................................. 31 31. Forewing with several large orange spots, and red spots or stripes scattered on some areas ( Figs 1q, r )................................................................................................ T . multimaculata Song & Li Forewing with red or black spots small and inconspicuous ( Figs 1a, b, e, f )....................................... 32 32. Forewing with red spots ( Figs 1a, b )..................................................................... 33 Forewing with 3 black spots ( Figs 1e, f )...................................... T . apicidentata Lin & Zhang sp. nov. 33. Forewing with 3 red spots........................................................... T . tripunctula (Melichar) Forewing with 1 red spot ( Figs 1a, b )............................................. T . bicruris Lin & Zhang sp. nov.

1 Vertex with two longitudinal red stripes that converge at anterior margin midpoint of vertex..... T. mori (Matsumura, 1906) - Vertex without convergent longitudinal stripes.............................................................. 2 2 Aedeagal shaft without processes, processes may be present on preatrium......................................... 3 - Aedeagal shaft with one or more processes................................................................ 4 3 Aedeagus preatrium with one pair of processes..................................... T. arachisi (Matsumura, 1916) - Aedeagus preatrium without processes..................................... T. yunnanensis Song, Li & Xiong, 2011 4 Aedeagal shaft with two pairs of processes................................................................. 5 - Aedeagal shaft with only one or one pair of processes....................................................... 10 5 Aedeagal shaft process long, slim, finger-like.............................................................. 6 - Aedeagal shaft process small, short, with one or more teeth................................................... 8 6 Aedeagal shaft without process near base.................................................................. 7 - Aedeagal shaft with process near base........................................... T. trimaculata Song & Li, 2013 7 Preatrium short and small, slightly curved....................................... T. formosa ( Dworakowska, 1970 ) - Preatrium long and robust, obviously curved.......................................... T. aureomarginalis sp. nov. 8 Abdominal apodemes not extended beyond posterior margin of 4 rd sternite....................................... 9 - Abdominal apodemes expanded distinctly, extended to 5 th sternite.................... T. longiprocessa Song & Li, 2008 9 Forewing with one black spot......................................................... T. lageniformis sp. nov. - Forewing with four black spots........................................... T. baiyunshana Song, Li & Xiong, 2011 10 Aedeagal shaft with single, irregular process...................................... T. sinica ( Dworakowska, 1970 ) - Aedeagal shaft with pair of processes.................................................................... 11 11 Processes arising from apex or close to apex of aedeagal shaft................................................ 12 - Processes arising from base or close to base of aedeagal shaft................................................. 19 12 Processes arising from apex of aedeagal shaft............................................................. 13 - Processes arising close to apex of aedeagal shaft..................................... T. prima Dworakowska, 1979 13 Aedeagal processes bifurcate near base........................................... T. puerensis (Song & Li, 2012) - Aedeagal processes not bifurcate near base............................................................... 14 14 Apex of style long and slim, slightly curved........................................ T. fusca ( Dworakowska, 1970 ) - Apex of style truncate or short and broad................................................................. 15 15 Pronotum with nearly rectangular red spot medially........................................... T. choui Ma, 1983 - Pronotum without red medial spot...................................................................... 16 16 Forewing with round red spots......................................................................... 17 - Forewing without round red spots....................................................................... 18 17 Forewing with three round red spots.............................................. T. tripunctula (Melichar, 1903) - Forewing with many orange-yellow markings, some areas with red spots or........... T. multimaculata Song & Li, 2008 18 Aedeagus dorsal appendage bifurcate at apex...................................... T. caoi Song, Li & Xiong, 2011 - Aedeagus dorsal appendage not bifurcate at apex....................................... T. hamula Song & Li 2013 19 Aedeagus dorsal appendage distinctly curved.............................................................. 20 - Aedeagus dorsal appendage relatively straight...................................... T. ahmedi Dworakowska, 1977 20 Forewing with three round red spots.................................. T. mayarami Mathew & Ramakrishnan, 1996 - Forewing without three round red............................................... T. albida ( Dworakowska, 1970 )