Bioacoustics of Montana tomorri

Bioacoustics: The calling song ( Fig. 5 ) consists of repeated echemes with a duration of less than one second, often less than half a second. In an echeme there are typically 10–30 syllables, each consisting of a quiet opening and a loud closing hemisyllable. The amplitude of the syllables typically increases at the beginning, but sometimes an echeme starts also with one or two loud syllables. The mean syllable repetition rate varied between around 23 Hz (in 21˚C) and 39 Hz (at 27.5ºC). The repetition rate of the echemes is quite variable, measured between 0.2 and 70 echemes per minute. The males stridulate in the night and in the morning. The frequency spectrum shows a broad peak in the near-ultrasound: peak 18–23 kHz; 6 specimens ( Fig. 6 ). Measurements: Measurements performed on holotype and paratypes are provided in Table 6 .

Description of holotype male ( Fig. 3 ): Medium-sized (Body length 22.5 mm but enlarged due to the pulled out titillators). General coloration ochre-brown, frons and lower side of body ochre; dorsal side of fastigium, vertex and pronotum disc greenish; vertex, lateral from the green color, with two lateral dark areas cut by a thin light stripe; lateral sides of pronotum disk bordered with incurved ochre line; pronotum paranota dark brown becoming blackish posteriorly, bordered with wide whitish band at their ventral and posterior margins (except for the posterior-dorsal corner); tegmina reaching the third abdominal tergite; subcostal, radial and medial veins light ochre in the basal area, stridulatory field ochre-brown with darker spots and veins, the rest of tegmina darker with dark veins and dark spots in the apical area outside the stridulatory area; abdominal tergites light brown, with two light bands laterally at the dorsal side, lateral side of terga with a wide vertical black spot at their posterior area; cercus ochre colored, armed with a long sinuated spine located at its apical third to fourth, the spine rusty colored; titillators rusty-brown, robust, with the apical arms outcurved and vetro-laterally arcuate, apical arms and small area of the basal arms covered with spines at their anterior parts; legs ochre-brown with dark spots dorso-laterally, hind femora with thin longitudinal dark band on the outer side and a wide dark spot on the inner side. Description of allotype female ( Fig. 4 ): Medium-sized (Body length 19.8 mm ). Coloration as in male with the following specifics. Dorsal side of fastigium, vertex and pronotum disc dark green; tegmina with the base of the radial and medial veins of ochre coloration, the rest of tegmen brownish with darker veins and spots in between; ovipositor ochre-brown, with a blackish base and dorsal side of the upper valve; both outer valves darkened and slightly greenish at the tips. General description (see also Supplementary Figures 1–7 ). Male . Head not wider than pronotum, fastigium verticis very wide, 2.1–2.5 times wider than scapus. Pronotum rounded, almost cylindrical, without evident lateral edges; widening backwards, hind margin just exceeding mesonotum. Dorsal disc rounded in the prozona, metazona flat, slightly depressed in the middle, with wide median carina. Paranota stretch widely ventrally, hind margin slightly concave (humeral excision indistinct). Tegmina wide, in natural position overlapping, exceeding 2 nd abdominal tergite, apex broadly rounded. Tegmina light at the medial part (the stridulatory area and the triangle projecting backwards from it), usually contrasting with the darker apical part. The distal section (from the end of the mirror to the apex) about the same length as the proximal section. The distal part of the longitudinal veins (Sc, R, M) curving towards the middle, so that the apex of the tegmen high and convex (tips of the tegmina meet, radial and medial areas are vertical rather than horizontal). Hind wings exist but rudimentary. Fore tibiae with 3 outer and 6 inner spines. Postfemora stocky, the evenly thin apical part is shorter than one third of the total length (i.e. the dorsal and ventral edges of the femur are not parallel in the apical third of its length). Posttibiae with four apical spurs, two outer ones much longer than inner ones. Plantulae shorter than basal segment of hind tarsi. Anal tergite wide, deeply depressed, with two crescent lobes regularly bending to the middle (to each other), often forming a round excision between them. The last 3–4 (depending on the specimen) tergites with dense, long hairs in the median part; the cuticle here softer, leathery. The hairy and leathery medial part of the anal tergites different in colour from the adjacent area. The subgenital plate long, with the widest part in the basal third, with a short triangular emargination between styli. Cerci long, the apical part slightly outward bent, slightly thinning backwards on both the thick basal part and the thin apical part; the apical part straight with slightly outward facing central axis (in relation to the axis of the basal part). The inner tooth thin; located in the distal third of the cerci; about twice as long as wide at the base; with an abrupt thinning that results a wave at the inner edge. The apical arm of the titillator robust, moderately long, downwards curving, with a thin base and straight apical part, strongly spinulose at the dorsal and lateral side; the basal arm without spines (at least at the junction with the apical arm). Female. As in male with the following characteristics. Subgenital plate smooth, wide rectangular, without deep emargination, at most slightly concave at hind margin, V-shaped in caudal view (therefore, appears to be excised in caudoventral view). Sternites without any modifications. Anal tergite with two terminal lobes concave on their outer margin, giving the hind borderline of the tergite a semicircular shape. Ovipositor more than twice as long as pronotum, slightly and evenly upcurved, less compressed laterally, the ventral margin finely serrate apically, light in colour including the upper margin. Hind margin of pronotum widely rounded, medial carina at the metazona moderately wide. Cubital veins of the left tegmen generally light coloured, CuPb curved, more or less closer to the inner margin of the tegmen than to CuA. The tip of the tegmina convex. Longitudinal black spot at the outer side of hind femora distinct, with sharp borders, on a pale background; transverse stripes absent.

Differential diagnosis: Montana tomorri belongs to the short-winged morpho-type in the genus ( Table 7 ). Among short-winged taxa, M. tomorri can be differentiated by the following combination of characters: pronotal disc flat or slightly convex, lateral edges rounded, tegmina about the length of pronotum, stocky wide hind femora, semicircular lobes of the male 10 th tergite with a very narrow incision between them, cerci with a large long tooth positioned in the proximal 1/3 of cercus, square female subgenital plate without clear incision, pronotum length in the range 4.4–6.0 mm. The most similar taxon seems to be M. heinrichi (Ramme) , known from northern Iran ( Elburs ), though this species has narrower lobes and wider incision of the male 10 th abdominal tergum and larger size (pronotum 8.2–9.7 mm ). M. richteri (Bey-Bienko) may be related to M. tomorri but this species is known only by female. The song of M. tomorri is similar to that of M. helleri (Çıplak & Taylan) (compare Ivković et al. 2017 : Fig. 7K ) but morphologically both taxa are well distinguished by male cerci and 10 th abdominal tergite.