Bioacoustics of Copiphora

Description (male except where specified) Head.— Fastigium of vertex strongly produced, 1.5 to 5.5 times as long as diameter of eye ( Figs. 5 A, 8C, 9A); fastigium sharply conical, laterally flattened, or dorsoventrally expanded subapically; rarely fastigium short, trituberculate; fastigium usually with well developed ventral keel; dorsal surface of fastigium smooth or tuberculate; fastigium without well developed lateral carinae; lateral ocelli well developed, sometimes very prominent, situated on large protuberances; apex of fastigium sharply tapered or with small hook, rarely blunt; basal portion of fastigium of vertex with a prominent knob ventrally, well separated from fastigium of frons. Antennal sockets separated by distance equal to 0.6-1.0 diameter of eye. Eyes globose, moderately projecting; frons flat or weakly convex; genae with well developed, granulose lateral carinae. Labrum and mandibles symmetrical. Thorax and wings.— Dorsal surface of pronotum smooth to weakly rugose, flat or metazona weakly raised; anterior margin of pronotum straight, posterior margin straight or weakly convex; lateral lobes with posterior angle rounded, with weakly developed humeral sinus. Thoracic auditory spiracle large, elliptical, completely hidden under lateral lobes of pronotum. Prosternum unarmed, mesosternum with a pair of small, widely separated, vertical spine-like lobes; metasternum unarmed. Wings in both sexes fully developed, surpassing apices of hind femora . Stridulatory apparatus of male well developed; stridulatory file straight or weakly curved ( Figs. 40 B-G, 43A-C), teeth variable, from thin and wide to thick and narrow, sometimes both types of teeth present in file; stridulatory area of left wing covered with secondary venation; mirror of right wing approximately rectangular to nearly circular, with or without thin veinlet parallel to AA 1. Posterior margin of front wing straight or weakly convex; apex of front wing narrowly to broadly rounded. Legs.— Fore coxa with an elongate, sometimes laterally flattened, forward projecting spine dorsally; middle and hind coxa without spine; all trochanters unarmed. All femora unarmed dorsally but with prominent spines on anterior ventral margins, posterior ventral margins unarmed; sometimes femoral spines large, triangular, nearly lobe-like; genicular lobes of all femora armed with long spines, sometimes posterior lobes of fore and/or mid femora unarmed. Front tibia unarmed dorsally, both ventral margins with short, immovable spines; tympanum on fore tibia bilaterally closed, tympanal slits facing forward, tympanal area moderately swollen; middle tibia armed dorsally with 1-3 dorsal spines, ventrally armed on both margins; hind tibia armed on all four dorsal and ventral margins; apex of hind tibia with two pairs of ventral and one pair of dorsal movable spurs. Abdomen.— Dorsal surface of abdominal terga smooth, unmodified. Male 10th tergite with surface smooth, its posterior margin weakly to distinctly emarginated; supraanal plate in both sexes small, broadly rounded apically; male cercus stout, blunt apically, usually with one, blunt, subapical internal spine ( Figs. 5 E-F, 6D-E); sometimes apex of cercus with sharp, heavily sclerotized, triangular lobe ventrally ( Fig. 7 D); paraprocts unmodified; female cercus, simple, narrowly conical. Subgenital plate of male with a very shallow apical emargination; styli short, 1.5-2.0 times as long as thick, to very short, peg-like; female subgenital plate with triangular apical incision or nearly straight apically. Male internal genitalia with weakly sclerotized inner margins of phallic lobes but without well developed titillators ( Figs. 5 D, 7E). Ovipositor narrow, straight or slightly downcurved, its margins parallel; both dorsal and ventral margins of ovipositor smooth; ovipositor often exceedingly long, ratio ovipositor/hind femur 1.4 - 3.5. Species Fastigium Face Ovipositor Femoral spines rhinoceros long, pointed horn; bright yellow face green; clypeus, labrum and outer portions of mandibles yellow; inner portions of mandibles black very long 2.3-2.5 times as long as hind femur large, flat, triangular, contrastingly white cochleata strongly dilated apically; yellow, apex brown face green; clypeus, labrum and outer portions of mandibles yellow; inner portions of mandibles black long 1.7 times as long as hind femur long, conical, white cultricornis laterally flattened, slightly dilated apically; yellow entirely yellow, with 4 or 6 small black dots extremely long 3-3.4 times as long as hind femur small, thin, green hastata laterally flattened, slightly dilated apically; yellow central portion of face with large, dark brown patch; sides of face yellow extremely long 3.3-3.5 times as long as hind femur small, green brevicauda short, somewhat flattened laterally at apex; yellow bright yellow, with contrastingly black clypeus, labrum and mandibles long 1.9-2.1 times as long as hind femur small, blue ottei very short, with prominent lateral ocelli yellowish-orange to pinkish-brown, with 4 or 6 tiny black dots medium length 1.4-1.6 times as long as hind femur small, very thin, green Species Body with wings Tegmen Pronotum Hind femur Ovipositor rhinoceros male 61.6-70.6, 65±3 female 69.4-76.5, 73±2.7 44.8-50.8, 48.4±1.9 53.3-57.2, 55±1.6 9.6-11.1, 10.5±0.5 9.9-10.7, 10.4±0.3 20.9-24.4, 23±1.2 25.3-26.6, 26.1±0.5 na 61.3-64.1, 62.4±1.1 cochleata male 68 female 69.1 48.3 50.2 9.8 9.3 23 24.7 na 41.8 cultricornis male 56.5-67.7, 63.9±6.4 female 70.7-79.4, 74.4±4 44.3-50, 47.4±3 53.7-58.4, 55.6±2.2 9.2-11, 10.1±0.9 10-10.9, 10.4±0.4 19.9-23.4, 21.9±1.6 22.7-27.4, 24.7±2 na 74.1-87.6, 79.6±6.5 hastata male 55.4-61.7, 59±2.6 female 62.9-69.3, 66.7±2.6 41.2-47.6, 44.7±2.2 47.9-53.4, 51.1±1.7 8.1-9.8, 9.1±0.6 9.1-10.2, 9.8±0.4 19.1-20.7, 19.7±0.5 21.2-23.1, 22.3±0.7 na 71.8-79.4, 74.7±3.2 b. brevicauda male 52.5-64.2, 57.7±4.8 female 53.5-64, 59.6±3.3 39.7-48.2, 44.3±3.7 43.5-48.1, 45.8±1.6 7.3-8.9, 8.1±0.6 8-9.1, 8.4±0.3 17-20, 19.1±1.3 18.7-21.8, 20.4±1.1 na 33.1-41.3, 37.5±3.1 b. costaricensis male 57-59.9, 58.5±2.1 female 57.5-65.1, 61.9±3.9 44-47, 45.5±2.1 47.4-51.2, 49.1±1.9 8.5-9.4, 9±0.6 8.9-9.1, 9±0.1 18.4-19.4, 18.9±0.7 20.1-21.6, 20.9±0.8 na 41.6-42.8, 42.2±0.8 ottei male 38.3 female 38.4-39.9, 39.4±0.7 26.3 26.2-27.8, 27.2±0.7 17.3 8.1-8.6, 8.4±0.2 8.6 18-18.9, 18.5±0.4 na 26.3-29.7, 28.5±1.5 Coloration.— General coloration light to dark green ( Figs. 36 E, G); facial markings variable and often species-specific; fastigium of vertex often bright yellow. Dorsum of the head and pronotum sometimes with darker, brown or reddish markings. Sometimes posterior margins of tegmina red, resulting in distinct red dorsal stripe; stridulatory file and femoral spines often contrastingly white.