Bioacoustics of Euconocephalus

1. Fastigium of vertex more than 2 times the width............................................................. 2 - Fastigium of vertex less than 2 times the width.............................................................. 3 2. Stridulatory file with 100 teeth, eltyra apices narrowly rounded, cerci thick at the basal and thin at the middle, calling song chirp type ( Tiwari and Diwakar 2019 : Fig 4 , S9; Panwhar et al. 2014 Plate iiD)............................ E. mucro (Haan) - Stridulatory file with 100 teeth, tegmen apices obliquely rounded, trilling call, cerci tip curved inward in a hook-like with a sharp spine ( Fig 5G, 5I ; Tiwari and Diwakar 2023a : Fig 3 –ii)..................................... E. helleri sp.nov 3. Meso- and metasternum brown, without longitudinal fascia, unicolour........................................... 4 - Meso- and metasternum with black longitudinal fascia, interrupted.............................................. 9 4. Fastigium of vertex with apex rounded; anterior external margin of the tegmen is is pale or translucent................. 5 - Fastigium of vertex with apex blunt; anterior external margin of the tegmen is brownish black ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2017 : Fig. 5B )........................................................................... E. pallidus (Redtenbacher) 5. Lateral carinae of pronotum present....................................................................... 6 - Lateral carinae of pronotum absent....................................................................... 8 6. Tegmen apices truncated ( Farooqi and Usmani 2017 : Fig 2G ).................................. E. nastus (Thunberg) - Tegmen apices rounded................................................................................ 7 7. Fastigium broad than long, tegmina equal to flight wings in length, supra-anal plate apex subobtuse ( Farooqi and Usmani 2017 : Fig 7A , 8B , 9A)....................................................................... E. incertus (Walker) - Fastigium longer than broad, tegmina extending beyond flight wings; supra-anal plate apex obtuse ( Fig 5B,5H )........................................................................................... E. malabaricum sp. nov. 8. Tegmen apices rounded, Stridulatory file curved with 72 teeth ( Farooqi and Usmani 2018a : Fig 1,3)......................................................................................... E. budaunensis (Farooqi and Usmani) - Tegmen apices truncated, Stridulatory file straight with 126 teeth ( Fig 6E, 6I )..................... E. latipennis sp. nov. 9. The anterior external margin of the tegmen is pale or translucent, tegmen with obtusely rounded apex. Male subgenital plate with narrow triangular incision, styli comparatively short not reaching to the apex of cerci.......................... 10 - The anterior external margin of the tegmen is brownish-black, tegmen with narrowly rounded apex. Male subgenital plate with comparatively less deep and wider triangular incision, styli comparatively long, reaching almost to the apex of cerci, stridulatory file curved with 70 teeth ( Kumar and Chand 2023 : Fig 1A–C , 2E, 2F, 2G 3A,3B )............................................................................................... E. narayanpurensis (Kumar & Chand) 10. Fastigium of vertex without median carinula, stridulatory file curved with 58 teeth ( Shah and Usmani 2022 : Fig 21, 29).................................................................................. E. farooqii (Shah & Usmani) - Fastigium of vertex with weak median carinula, stridulatory file relatively straight with 70 teeth ( Fig 7C, 7K )............................................................................................... E. brevicornis sp. nov.

1. Meso- and metasternum brown, without longitudinal fascia, unicolour ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2017 : Figs. 2D , 5D, 8D; Shah & Usmani, 2022 : Fig. 8).................................................................................. 3 - Meso- and metasternum with black longitudinal fascia, interrupted ( Shah & Usmani, 2022 : Fig. 23; Text fig. 2B)......... 2 2. Fastigium of vertex without median carinula ( Shah & Usmani, 2022 : Fig. 21). The anterior external margin of the elytra is pale or translucent, elytra with obtusely rounded apex ( Shah & Usmani, 2022 : Fig. 18); stridulatory file curved with 58 teeth ( Shah & Usmani, 2022 : Fig. 29). Male subgenital plate with deep and narrow triangular incision, styli comparatively short not reaching to the apex of cerci ( Shah & Usmani, 2022 : Fig. 24)........................ E. farooqii Shah & Usmani, 2022 - Fastigium of vertex with weak median carinula (Text fig. 2A). The anterior external margin of the elytra is brownish-black (Text fig. 2F), elytra with narrowly rounded apex (Text figs. 1A, C); stridulatory file curved with 70 teeth (Text fig. 2E, 3A, B). Male subgenital plate with comparatively less deep and wider triangular incision, styli comparatively long, reaching almost to the apex of cerci (Text fig. 2G)....................................... E . narayanpurensis sp. nov. Kumar & Chand 3. Fastigium of vertex less than 1.5 times as long as wide. Stridulatory file with less than 75 teeth....................... 4 - Fastigium of vertex more than 1.5 times as long as wide ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2017 : Fig. 8B; Shah & Usmani, 2022 : Fig. 5). Stridulatory file with 76 teeth ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2017 : Fig. 8G; Shah & Usmani, 2022 : Fig. 14)..................................................................................................... E. incertus (Walker, 1869) 4. Fastigium of vertex with apex blunt ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2017 : Fig. 2B ; Farooqi & Usmani, 2018: 2 B); anterior external margin of the elytra is pale or translucent......................................................................... 5 - Fastigium of vertex with apex rounded ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2017 : Fig. 5B); anterior external margin of the elytra is brownishblack..................................................................... E. pallidus (Redtenbacher, 1891) 5. Stridulatory file curved with 68 teeth ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2017 : Fig. 2G ); lateral carinae of pronotum present ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2017 : Fig. 2C ); Wing reaching middle of hind tibiae when folded; wings longer than the ovipositor when straight; ovipositor almost straight......................................................... E. nasutus (Thunberg, 1815) - Stridulatory file curved with 72 teeth ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2018 : Fig. 2G ); lateral carinae of pronotum absent ( Farooqi & Usmani, 2018 : Fig. 2C ); wing reaching beyond the middle of hind tibiae when folded; wings as long as ovipositor when folded; ovipositor slightly decurved............................................. E. budaunensis Farooqi & Usmani, 2018

1) Fastigium of vertex relatively short....................................................................... 2 - Fastigium of vertex relatively long.........................................................................3 2) Lateral carina on pronotum absent, male stridulatory file with 68 teeth....... Euconocephalus pallidus ( Redtenbacher, 1891 ) 3) Lateral carinae of pronotum present…......................................................................4 4) Tegmina reaching beyond the middle of hind tibiae and as long as ovipositor, stridulatory file with 76 teeth.................................................................. .... Euconocephalus budaunensis ( Farooqi and Usmani, 2018 ) - Tegmina reaching middle of hind tibiae, and longer than the ovipositor.......................................... 3 5) Stridulatory file of male with 72 teeth, lateral carinae of pronotum absent, length of ovipositor longer than the hind femur, ovipositor slightly bent upwards................................ Euconocephalus indica (Farooqi and Usmani, 2019) - Stridulatory file of male with 76 teeth; length of ovipositor shorter than the hind femur, ovipositor straight.................................................................................. Euconocephalus incertus ( Walker, 1869 ) 6) Stridulatory file of male with curved with 68 teeth, male last abdominal tergite with deep incision........................................................................................ Euconocephalus nasutus ( Thunberg, 1815 ) - Stridulatory file of male curved with 58 teeth, male last abdominal tergite with shallow incision................................................................................................. Euconocephalus farooqii sp. nov.