Bioacoustics of Erioloides

Little is know about the biology and behavior of the species of Erioloides . In Costa Rica , probably all species are exclusively arboreal and can be collected by canopy fogging or at lights. At La Selva Biological Station, nymphs of E. consobrinus have been collected from the tree Trema micranta (L.) Blume ( Ulmaceae ), and both nymphs and adults from the tree Virola koschnyi Warb. (Myristicaceae) . Erioloides consobrinus and E. longipennis frequently come to lights. Nothing is known about the natural diet of Erioloides spp. but in captivity they thrived for several months on a diet of various fruits and vegetables. Species longipennis Tegmina surpassing apices of hind femora by 1/2 of their length Face upper portion green; lower portion of face, upper portion of clypeus and mandibles brown; labrum yellow Male cerci D = dorsal L = lateral long, incurved, with or without small subapical spine (D) Titillators long, needle-like ( Figs. 18 F-G) Stridulatory file 1.2-1.3 mm long with about 160-180 teeth macrocephalus surpassing apices of hind femora by 1/2 of their length upper portion of face green; lower portion of face, upper portion of clypeus and mandibles black; labrum yellow apex constricted, subapical spine always present (D) strongly flattened, squamose, apices dilated ( Fig. 19 F) 1.8 mm long with about 190 teeth brevipennis surpassing apices of hind femora by only 1/6 of their length light green, labrum yellow with apical and subapical spines (D) strongly flattened, squamose, apices blunt ( Fig. 20 E) 2.3 mm long, with about 180 teeth longinoi surpassing apices of hind femora by 1/2 of their length green, mandibles sometimes brightly emerald green, labrum black thick, with blunt, hook-like spine (L) strongly flattened, squamose, apices dilated ( Fig. 22 A) 1.2 mm long with about 240 teeth consobrinus surpassing apices of hind femora by 1/2 of their length green, mandibles sometimes brightly emerald green, labrum black cylindrical, with blunt, hook-like spine (L) flattened, squamose, apices divergent ( Fig. 22 B) 1.2 mm long with about 230 teeth acutidentis surpassing apices of hind femora by 1/2 of their length green, mandibles sometimes brightly emerald green, labrum black cylindrical, with acute, spur-like spine (L) poorly defined, blunt, squamose ( Fig. 22 C) 1.0 mm long with about 180 teeth sikesi surpassing apices of hind femora by 1/2 of their length green, mandibles sometimes brightly emerald green, labrum black cylindrical, with blunt, spur-like spine (L) flattened, blunt, squamose ( Fig. 22 D) 1.4 mm long with about 200 teeth latiscobinus surpassing apices of hind femora by 1/2 of their length green, mandibles sometimes brightly emerald green, labrum black cylindrical, with bluny, finger-like spine (L) flattened, blunt, squamose ( Fig. 22 E) 1.1 mm long with about 220 teeth Species Body with wings Tegmen Pronotum Hind femur Ovipositor longipennis male 42.7-53.9, 48.1±4.3 female 52.5-64.2, 57.1±4.3 34.4-43, 38.8±3.5 42.2-51.8, 46.2±3.5 8.7-10.3, 9.2±0.6 8.8-9.9, 9.3±0.6 13.6-17.4, 15.8±1.6 17.2-19.3, 18.2±0.8 na 16.3-17.7, 17±0.5 macrocephalus male 51-56.7, 53.9±4 female 61.7-65, 63.4±2.3 36.5-43.5, 40±4.9 48.6-50.1, 49.4±1.1 11.5-11.7, 11.6±0.1 11.9-12, 12±0.1 17.5-20, 18.8±1.8 20.3-20.4, 20.4±0.1 na 21.2-21.7, 21.5±0.4 brevipennis male 24.9-30.9, 27.3±3.2 female 29.8-31.2, 30.7±0.8 16.6-21.3, 18.6±2.4 21.4-22.4, 21.9±0.5 6.3-7.1, 6.6±0.4 5.9-6.4, 6.1±0.3 11.4-14, 12.4±1.4 13.1-13.6, 13.3±0.3 na 9.9-10.3, 10.1±0.3 consobrinus male 31.1-37.9, 34.1±2.8 female 34.7-37.5, 36.4±1.2 24.8-30.2, 27.3±2.2 27.9-30.2, 29.3±1 4.7-6.1, 5.4±0.6 4.8-5.4, 5.2±0.3 11-14, 12.3±1.5 11.8-13.2, 12.4±0.6 na 7.2-8.3, 7.9±0.6 longinoi male 32.4-37.2, 36.1±1.6 female 39.5-41.5, 40.2±1.1 25.8-29.7, 28.9±1.3 31.1-34.1, 32.3±1.6 5.7-6.3, 6±0.2 5.9-6.2, 6.1±0.2 11.9-12.9, 12.5±0.3 12.8-14.1, 13.3±0.7 na 9.4-9.8, 9.7±0.2 acutidentis male 27.7 female 31.8 20.5 24.1 5.0 5.7 10.9 11.8 na 9.6 sikesi male 26.6 female - 19.7 - 5.4 - 10.1 - na - latiscobinus male 32.7-35.3, 34.1±1.2 female 42-45.4, 43.7±2.4 26.2-28.7, 27.5±1.1 33.7-36.5, 35.1±2 5.3-5.8, 5.6±0.2 5.9-6.5, 6.2±0.4 11.3-11.9, 11.6±0.2 13.8-13.8, 13.8±0 na 10.2-10.7, 10.5±0.4 Little is known about the acoustic behavior of the species of the genus and only E. brevipennis has been recorded (see below). Females oviposit in plant tissues, using their highly modified ovipositor as a saw, making deep incisions in stems of various plants ( Fig. 37 A). Eggs are thin, spindle-shaped ( Fig. 38 C). In captivity, nymphs of E. longipennis hatched after about 3 weeks after oviposition.

Description (male except where specified) Head.— Fastigium of vertex short, 1-1.5 times as long as eye diameter and 1-1.5 as wide as scapus; apex of fastigium blunt or acute; fastigium of vertex separated from fastigium of frons by small gap; occasionally fastigium of vertex with small ventral tooth at base; dorsal surface of fastigium smooth or somewhat rugose. Antennal sockets separated by distance equal to 0.3-0.5 diameter of eye. Eyes globose, weakly protruding. Frons flat or weakly convex; genae with moderately developed lateral carinae. Thorax and wings.— Dorsal surface of pronotum smooth to moderately rugose, flat; anterior margin of pronotum straight, posterior margin straight or convex; lateral lobes with posterior angle rounded to almost acute. Thoracic auditory spiracle large, elliptical, completely hidden un- der lateral lobes of pronotum. Thoracic sterna unarmed. Wings in both sexes fully developed, surpassing apices of hind femora by 1/6 to 1/2 their length. Stridulatory apparatus of male well developed; stridulatory file straight ( Figs. 49 A-F), with high number (160-230) of relatively very wide, lamelliform, closely spaced teeth; stridulatory area of left wing devoid of secondary venation; mirror of right wing rectangular or nearly square, with well developed veinlet next to AA 1. Posterior margin of front wing straight or weakly concave; apex of front wing narrowly rounded. Legs.— Fore coxa with an elongate, forward projecting spine dorsally; middle and hind coxa without spine; all trochanters unarmed. Femora unarmed dorsally, but armed ventrally on both margins, sometimes posterior ventral margins of fore and/or mid femora unarmed; genicular lobes of all femora armed with sharp spines, occasionally lobes on fore and mid femora unarmed. Front tibia unarmed dorsally, both ventral margins with short, immovable spines; tympanum on fore tibia bilaterally closed, tympanal slits facing forward, tympanal area moderately swollen; middle tibia unarmed dorsally, ventrally armed on both margins; hind tibia armed on all four dorsal and ventral margins; apex of tibia with two pairs of ventral and one pair of dorsal movable spurs. Abdomen.— Dorsal surface of abdominal terga smooth, unmodified. Male 10th tergite with surface smooth, its posterior margin weakly to distinctly incised, sometimes posterior margin of 10th tergite forming two pointed or rounded lobes; supraanal plate in both sexes small, broadly rounded apically; male cercus variable but nearly always biramose, rarely without subapical spine or lobe ( Figs. 19 D-E, 21D, 22B-J); titillators extremely variable, from flat, covered with cuticular scales and poorly differentiated from phallic membrane to well developed, needle-like; female cercus, simple, narrowly conical. Subgenital plate of male with well developed ventral keel and deep, triangular apical incision; styli short, 1.5-2.5 times as long as thick; female subgenital plate either triangular, with triangular apical incision, or much wider than long, with weakly emarginated apex. Ovipositor unique among Tettigoniidae , distinctly widened midlength, and with characteristic, obliquely truncated apex; apex thickened, heavily sclerotized; upper valvula usually with series of pegs or small teeth forming a file along its longitudinal axis, and with a similar series of pegs just below upper edge of valvula ( Fig. 19 H); ovipositor distinctly shorter than to as long as hind femur (ratio ovipositor/hind femur 0.6-1.1). Coloration.— General coloration pale green; frons green, sometimes lower portion of frons brown or black; labrum sometimes black; mandibles black, brown, green to strikingly emerald green. Legs and abdomen green; tegmina often with contrastingly yellow venation.