Bioacoustics of Ammopelmatus lakecachuma

Figs 1139–1154, Tables 8 , 12 , 38 Species #25, Weissman 2001b . Distribution. (Fig. 1139). Known only from around Lake Cachuma, located in the Santa Ynez Valley in Santa Barbara Co , California , and neighboring Santa Ynez Mountains to the south, and probably on higher ( 1238 m ) Figueroa Mt, in the San Rafael Mountain Range , to the north. Recognition characters. Member of Fast Drumming Group. A large, 2n ♂ =23, frequently megacephalic JC sometimes with a brown head, as seen in A. castaneus , and from which it is separated by its larger size, even for populations (e.g., Figueroa Mt) that occur at higher elevations, and possibly by DNA . In A. lakecachuma , inner rear leg tibial spine #1 always longest while in geographically nearby A. islander , usually inner spine #2 is longest, with the 2 species recovered in different JC Groups. Holotype . Male (in alcohol, Fig. 1140). CALIFORNIA , Santa Barbara Co ., Lake Cachuma Recreational Area , 34.573714° -119.955569°, 259m , 20-xii-1996 (S96-120) DBW, M. Caterino. R97-82, F0505. Molt to adult 25- viii-1997 . Deposited CAS , Entomology type #20160. Measurements in mm: Body length 34.88, hind femur length 10.68, hind femur width 4.02. Fore leg tibia with 2 ventral spurs; middle leg tibia with 8 calcars, 2 ventral spurs; hind leg tibia (Fig. 1141) with 4 inner and 3 outer spines, 2 ventral spurs. Allotype . Female (in alcohol, Fig. 1142). Same data as holotype except 26-xii-1988 (S88-128). R89-37. Molt to adult 2-viii-1989 . Deposited CAS , CASENT #9085523 . Measurements in mm: Body length 35.63, hind femur length 10.02, hind femur width 4.01. Fore leg tibia with 1 or 2 ventral spurs; middle leg tibia with 7 or 8 calcars, 2 ventral spurs; hind leg tibia (Fig. 1143) with 4 inner and 2 or 3 outer spines, 2 ventral spurs. Ovipositor Fig. 1144. Paratypes . ♂ 13 ♀ 20. CALIFORNIA , Santa Barbara Co . , type locality area: 26-xii-1988 (S88-128) ♂ 3 ♀ 2; 27-xii-1991 (S91-132) ♂ 6 ♀ 9; 20-xii-1996 (S96-120) ♂ 3 ♀ 9. Santa Ynez Valley , 34.6659° -120.0503°, 291m , 28- ix-2005 (S05-145) M. Caterino ♂ 1. Probable placement. CALIFORNIA , Santa Barbara Co . , Figueroa Mountain area , 34.721731° -119.962636°, 1238m , A. Abela : 3-ii-2019 25-xi-12 (S12-124) ♀ 2; 3-xii-2017 (S18-2) ♀ 2; 27-iii-2018 (S18-8) ♂ 2 ♀ 2; 3-ii-2019 (S19-8) ♂ 1. Individuals from here consistently larger than those from lower elevation, type locality Lake Cachuma. The longest adult male from Figueroa Mt was 42.27 mm ; while the longest adult female was 45.82 mm . Figueroa Mt is separated by some 16 km from the type locality . Drum. Calling drum same in both sexes although female’s longer in duration. Males from Figueroa Mt with a sex clarification drum ( SCD ). Male : Holotype R97-82 (Fig. 1145) with 22 drums over 2.1s (10.5 drums/s) at 20.5° C. Female : Allotype R89-37 (Fig. 1146) with 94 drums over 10.5s (9.0 drums/s) at 20.5°C. R89-58 (Fig. 1147) displays a type locality male (R89-58) triggering a type locality female, who is “polite” and waits until he is finished drumming: the male had 24 drums over 2.6s (9.2 drums/s) followed 0.7s later by the female with 154 drums over 17.6s (8.8 drums/s), both at 21° C. This same drumming pattern was duplicated several times by this pair, as the individuals were in adjacent tubs on the recording bench. Of 12 type locality adult males recorded over the years, none were heard to make a SCD. Figueroa Mt (S19-8) male R19-3 (Fig. 1148) with16 drums over 1.5s (10.7 drums/s) at 22.5° C. Figueroa Mt (S12-124) female R13-40 (Fig. 1149) with 90 drums over 11.4s (7.9 drums/s) at 21° C. Two of the 3 adult males from Figueroa Mt with a SCD . Derivation of name. Named after the type locality. Habitat. Under rocks around the Lake in open oak woodland—grassland areas. Interestingly, winter-collected nymphs were consistently under the largest rocks such that 2 persons were frequently required to roll them. Smaller rocks that were easily rolled by one person, and where we typically have collected every other JC species, had few or no JCs. Life cycle and seasonal occurrence. Probably typical 2-year life cycle. Winter collecting was good during a wet year, as in 1988, or a dry year, as in 1991. Variation. Of 34 Lake Cachuma individuals, 33 had 2 and 1 had 3 ventral fore leg tibial spurs; 1 had 7 and 33 had 8 middle leg tibial calcars, all with 2 ventral spurs; 4 had 4 and 30 had 5 inner rear leg tibial spines, while 32 had 3 and 2 had 4 outer rear leg tibial spines, all with 2 ventral spurs. Of 8 Figueroa Mt individuals, all had 2 ventral fore leg tibial spurs; all had 8 middle leg tibial calcars, all with 2 ventral spurs; 1 had 4, 6 had 5, and 1 had 6 inner rear leg tibial spines, while all had 3 outer rear leg tibial spines, all with 2 ventral spurs. DNA . Fig. 1047, p. 579. F0504 and F0505 (S96-120, topotypes ); F1682 (S05-145, Santa Ynez Valley ; F2350 (S12-124) and F2562 (S19-8), both Figueroa Mt, all recovered together in Group 20 Fast Drumming, and in a larger clade with several other fast-drumming species ( A. acton , A. bakersfield , A. castaneus , A. chimineas , A. danieli , A. grapevine , and A. mtpinos ). Karyotype. 2n ♂ =23. 4 males from type locality, and 1 male from Figueroa Mt examined, and all consistent: T89- 30 (Fig. 1150, type locality S88-128); T92-12 (Fig. 1151, type locality S91-132); T97-19 (Fig. 1152) & T97-22 (Fig 1153, both type locality S96-120); and T20-1 (Fig. 1154, S19-8 Figueroa Mt) with 6 metacentric or submetacentric autosomal pairs; 5 acrocentric or telocentric autosomal pairs; and 1 metacentric X chromosome. Discussion. This is one of the few JC species where looking under large rocks, during the winter, was fruitful. (Also, for A. oneillpark under large rocks at the type locality S24-19, O’Neill Regional Park, and at paratype locality S24-16, Caspers Wilderness Park). Might such large rocks provide more safety from thermal fluctuations (warmth during the day and cold at night) than small rocks do? This is the species, from Figueroa Mt (S18-8), that was videoed drumming, and then mating, during the filming of NPR’s Deep Look “ Jerusalem crickets only date drummers” video, available on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHbwC-AIyTE&t=147s&ab_channel=DeepLook.