Bioacoustics of Ammopelmatus etiwanda

Figs 663–675 , Table 6 Distribution. ( Fig. 663 ). Only known from Riverside and San Bernardino Counties , California , along a stretch of the Etiwanda Wash. Recognition characters. Small to medium-large JC with dark head, pronotum, and abdomen with wide black abdominal stripes, and long rear leg tibial calcar # 1. 2n ♂ =23. Calling drum from 0.8–1.2 drums/s, no sex clarification drum. Can be separated from microsympatric A. ballmeri (at S96-5, S97-5, and S97-142) by differences in color ( Fig. 664 ), drum rate, and DNA . Can be separated from nearest DNA neighbor A. sangabriel by habitat and inner rear leg tibial spine #3 being longest spine in latter. Holotype . Male (in alcohol, Fig. 665 ). California , San Bernardino Co ., Rancho Cucamonga , along east side Etiwanda Ave , in wash, 34.157028° -117.523333°, 560m , 12-ii-1996 (S96-5) K. Stockwell. R96-113, F0322. Molt to adult 26-ix-1996 . Deposited CAS , Entomology type #20120. Measurements in mm: Body length 31.01, hind femur length 10.02, hind femur width 3.61. Fore leg tibia with 3 ventral spurs; middle leg tibia with 8 calcars, 2 ventral spurs; hind leg tibia ( Fig. 666 ) with 5 inner and 3 outer spines, 2 ventral spurs. Allotype . Female (in alcohol, Fig. 667 ). Same collection data as holotype except R97-105, F0497. Molt to adult 20-viii-1997 . Deposited CAS , CASENT #9080779 . Measurements in mm: Body length 37.96, hind femur length 10.69, hind femur width 4.21. Fore leg tibia with 3 ventral spurs; middle leg tibia with 8 calcars, 2 ventral spurs; hind leg tibia ( Fig. 668 ) with 5 or 0 inner and 3 or 1 outer spines, 2 ventral spurs. Despite this discrepancy in spine count between left and right hind tibias, the hind legs otherwise look normal. Ovipositor Fig. 669 . Paratypes . ♂ 4 ♀ 21. CALIFORNIA, Riverside Co ., Rancho Cucamonga, N end Haven Ave, 34.163° -117.575°, 678m , 9-iv-1998 (S98-36) KT Stockwell ♀ 1. San Bernardino Co ., Same data as type locality ♀ 4. Etiwanda, Alluvial fan and Etiwanda Ave, 34.166667° -117.523056°, 636m , 7-xii-1997 (S97-141), GR Ballmer & KT Stockwell, ♀ 2. Etiwanda, Day Canyon, 600m , 15-ii-1995 (S95-20) ♂ 1. Etiwanda, alluvial fan and Etiwanda Ave, 34.157146° - 117.523126°, 560m , 7-xii-1997 (S97-142) GR Ballmer & KT Stockwell, ♂ 1 ♀ 7. Fontana , Etiwanda Wash adjacent to Etiwanda Ave , 1.6 km S Arrow Hwy , 34.089647° -117.521151°, 340m , 5-i-1997 (S97-5) , GR Ballmer & KT Stockwell, ♀ 1. Upland, 1657 Maywood Ave, 34.123640° -117.674972°, 486m , all KT Stockwell, 7-vi-1996 (S96-73) ♂ 1 ♀ 1; 25- xi-1997 (S97-140) ♀ 1; 12-xi-2000 (S00-72) ♀ 1; 14 & 18-x-2009 (S09-163) ♂ 1 ♀ 1; 24-i-2010 (S10-5) ♀ 2. Possible placement. CALIFORNIA , San Bernardino Co . , I-15 at Cleghorn Exit, 0.1 m E I-15, 34.299724° -117.456281°, 919m , 4-ii-2008 (S08-7) DBW ♀ 2. These 2 females were collected as very small adults, and never drummed. One was recovered (F2003) in a clade closest to A. etiwanda , but without a drum and adult male, we only tentatively place them here. Their site (S08-7) is some 17 km N of the type locality of A. etiwanda . Drum. Similar in both sexes. Male: Holotype (R96-113, Fig. 670 ), with 12 drums in 11.8s (1.0 drums/s) at 19.5°C. Female: Allotype (R97-105), with 2 series, both at 19.5°C. In first series ( Fig. 671 ), 47 drums (not counting first 2 drums) in 55.1s (0.85 drums/s). In second series ( Fig. 672 ), 16 drums (not counting first drum) in 13.2s (1.2 drums/s), showing how different series can have different initial drumming rates. As an example of the extreme, the lone adult female from Upland (S97-140, R98-167) drummed 962 times in 1030s (0.93 drums/s), after being stimulated by finger drumming. Derivation of name. Named after the large alluvial area where the type series was collected. Habitat. Under rocks in loose dark brown soil at base and top edge of dry wash. Alluvial fan sage scrub habitat just south of San Gabriel Mts. In residential backyard in Upland. Life cycle and seasonal occurrence. Apparent 2-year life cycle. Variation. For some 24 individuals, 1 had 2 and 23 had 3 ventral fore leg tibial spurs; 1 had 7 and 22 had 8 middle leg tibial calcars, all with 2 ventral spurs; 23 had 5 and 1 had 6 inner rear leg tibial spines, and 24 had 3 outer rear leg tibial spines, all with 2 ventral spurs. Color: Adult female from Rancho Cucamonga (S98-36, R98- 176), drums like typical A. etiwanda at 1.2 drums/s, but not dark ( Fig. 673 ) like typical specimens, with head and legs orange, abdominal stripes not that broad. Nevertheless, her DNA (F0817) was recovered in a subclade with other A. etiwanda . DNA . Fig. 650 , p. 378. F 0341 ( type locality, S96-5); F0403 ( type locality, S97-5); and F0817 (S98-36, Riverside Co. ) recovered in a mixed Group 11 Southern California #1 clade of several similar slow drumming, but either (1) high elevation A. bartonflats (2n ♂ =25) or A. sangabriel ( 2n ♂ =23); or (2) low elevation, coastal A. sakai (2n ♂ =23). Karyotype. 2n ♂ =23. Two males examined: T97-1 ( Fig. 674 , S 96-5 , type locality) and T98-3 ( Fig. 675 , S 97-142 , Etiwanda), and both with 6 metacentric or submetacentric autosomal pairs; 5 acrocentric or telocentric autosomal pairs; and 1 metacentric X chromosome. Discussion. This taxon should be considered a species of conservation concern. The main collectors, Kathleen Stockwell and Greg Ballmer, write (pers comm to DBW, October, 2020): “Our earliest collections were on or near the alignment of Highland Avenue, which at that time was being converted to the I-210 freeway. Some very nice old growth alluvial fan sage scrub habitat along the north side of Highland Ave had been an informal dumping ground with plenty of old boards, roofing material, etc. scattered about—good for JC collecting. That area is now a suburban neighborhood. Other collection sites a bit higher elevation along Etiwanda Ave may still exist, but surrounded by new housing.”