Bioacoustics of Xenogryllus transversus

Redescription. In addition to the characters of the genus, X. transversus has a large size and a golden coloration ( Fig. 2 E–H). Fastigium 1.5 times wider than scape, slightly widened apically as in X. ululiu and X. maichauensis . Eyes rather small, located on face, restricted to the dorsal third of head in lateral view ( Fig. 3 O–P). Lateral angle of dorsal disc of pronotum not carinated, as in X. maichauensis and X. ululiu , with a thin yellow band underlined by a black line anteriorly. Hind wings tail gray brown, nearly as long as pronotum. Male. Pronotum dorsal disc forming a wide trapezoid, with a wide median black longitudinal band pronlonging vertex coloration; posterior margin slightly bisinuate. FW venation ( Fig. 5G ): 1A forming a 90° angle, with 265 stridulatory teeth (n=1) on transverse part of 1A. Dark coloration anterior to 1A including angle of file. Harp wide. Mirror large, well-rounded, its inner limit forming a wide curve. Apical field forming a triangle longer than wide, with six cell alignments. Male genitalia ( Fig. 7 O–P): Pseudepiphallic sclerite elongate, with a wide basis; lophi separated by a large indentation ( Fig. 8I ), similar to that of X. ululiu , with a sharp apex and a strong dorsal preapical expansion. Rami strong, convergent apically. Ectophallic apodemes strong, lamellate apically. Ectophallic fold and endophallic sclerite almost fused, forming a long ventral gutter, wider than in X. ululiu , trifurcate posteriorly. Endophallic apodemes made of lateral lamellas. Female ( Fig. 2 G–H). Head slightly wider than pronotum. Dorsal disc of pronotum almost rectangular, its posterior margin slightly bisinuate. FWs slightly longer than abdomen, light brown, with anterior dark spot very small; dorsal field with 10–11 (n=3) strong longitudinal veins. Subgenital plate with a deep V-shaped apical indentation with sharp edges ( Fig. 9G ). Ovipositor as long as FIII. Female genitalia : Copulatory papilla conical ( Fig. 11 M–O), wider than in X. maichauensis , its apex rounded and sclerotized. Life history traits. X. transversus lives in open secondary habitats, where males usually call in chorus from 120–180 cm height dense shrubs. In IISER Mohali (Northern India ), two males were seen calling from a bamboo plantation on one occasion, from a height of 60 cm , where one male was probably trying to mount the other (RJ personal obs.). In Jammu (Northern India ), males were found calling from cannabis plant. Calling activity starts late in the evening, almost around 22:00 hrs and continues until 03:00 hrs in the morning. Spacing between calling males of this species is quite variable, the closest males being spaced by approximately one meter horizontally. BL PronL PronW FWL FWW HWT FIIIL FIIIW Males (n=6) 27.8–34.6 3.4 –3.9 6.1–7 21.5–24.2 8–8.3 7.4–8.3 20.0–22.4 3–4 (Male mean) (31.4) (3.6) (6.7) (23.0) (8.2) (7.8) (21.1) (3.7) Females (n=2) 28.5–30 3.8–4.1 5.8–6.0 20.0–20.9 4.9–5.3 7.3–8.4 22.1–22.6 4.2–4.8 (Female mean) (29.3) (4) (5.9) (20.5) (5.1) (7.9) (22.4) (4.5) TIIIL TIIIs TaIIIs OL Ias Ibs Oas Obs Ids Ods Ols Males (n=6) (Male mean) Females (n=2) (Female mean) 20.0–21.5 (20.2) 21.6–25.5 (23.6) 9–13 (10.5) 9–10 (9.5) 9–11 (9.8) 10–13 (11.5) 18–21 (19.3) 18–20 (19.0) 8–13 (10.8) 13–14 (13.5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2–5 (3) 2–3 (3) 2–3 (3) 4–5 (5) - - 25.8–27 (26.4) Calling song. ( Figs 12D , 17) The calling songs of three males were recorded from IISER Mohali campus. At 25–27 °C, the calling song of X. transversus is made of short echemes quickly repeated and lasting for 197 ± 4 ms (echeme period = 873 ± 13 ms), and composed of 4–5 long syllables (m = 4.5 ± 0.5). Within echemes, the syllables usually show increasing amplitudes. Syllables are rather long (duration = 31 ± 4 ms) with a syllable period of 46 ± 3 ms (syllable duty cycle = 71%). The frequency spectrum shows a pure-tone dominant frequency at 4.5 ± 0.5 kHz followed by two powerful harmonics. Measurements. See Table 8 . Taxonomic discussion. We confirm the status of junior synonyms of Calyptotrypus roonwali and Dionymus calcaratus according to re-examination of type specimens (HT of C. roonwali and one male ST of D. calcaratus ).