Bioacoustics of Diaphanogryllacris

Generic diagnosis. Size from medium to large. Eyes ovate. Pronotum subsellate, anterior margin slightly protruding, posterior margin subtruncate. Coloration from yellowish to yellowish brown with dark or darkish spots on head and pronotum. Tegmina and hind wings considerably surpassing apex of abdomen. M vein not united with R vein at base of tegmina, almost transparent wings (venation from yellowish to dark). Fore coxae with a small sharp spine. Fore and middle femora unarmed on ventral surface. Fore and middle tibiae with 5 pairs of spines on each side of ventral surface; dorsal surface of middle tibiae with 1 inner apical spine. Hind femora with short ventral spines along both sides; hind tibiae with 2 rows of short spines on dorsal surface and several longer apical and subapical spines. Lateral margins of second and third abdominal tergites with 2 oblique rows of stridulatory teeth. Male. Lateral margins of ninth abdominal tergite with 1 pair of processes, curved downwards. Tenth abdominal tergite short, centre of posterior margin with 1 pair of processes, curved upwards. Female. Seventh abdominal sternite specialized (more or less reduced). Subgenital plate with a pair of styli. Ovipositor long and more or less straight, with smooth margins and narrowly rounded apex. Species included in China: Diaphanogryllacris annamita (Griffini, 1909) , Diaphanogryllacris laeta ( Walker, 1869 ) , Diaphanogryllacris panfilovi Gorochov & Woznessenskij, 2000 , Diaphanogryllacris brevispina sp. nov. and Diaphanogryllacris incavatis sp. nov.

Description. Rather large for the genus. Head: Face oval; nearly smooth; fastigium verticis wider than scapus; ocelli distinct; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a very fine suture; subocular furrows shallow ( Fig. 55B ). Abdomen with distinct stridulatory pegs on second and third tergites, only first row of second tergite very faint (3, 14; 13, 19; n = 1 male ; Fig. 55K ). Wings reaching or little surpassing middle of stretched hind tibia ( Fig. 53I ). Tegmen: Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior free, in subbasal area closely approached to radius; cubitus anterior at base with a single branch that forks into two veins, the anterior branch makes a curvature and receives an oblique connection vein from MA and shortly after divides again into two parallel branches, MP and CuA1, while the posterior branch (CuA2) does not divide further; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins, last two with common stem. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 6–7 external and 6–7 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color light brown; vertex brown with black spot behind compound eyes and on fastigium verticis; pronotum brown with large black spot in middle interrupted by four small brown spots; legs of general color. Face yellowish brown with black spots below compound eyes and at baso-lateral angles of clypeus. Tegmen semi-transparent white, veins and veinlets brown; towards base little darker; hind wing semi-transparent white, veins and veinlets brown. Male. Eighth abdominal tergite only little prolonged. Ninth abdominal tergite globular, at apical margin with a wide step-like emargination, from lateral angles of this emargination a pair of long, narrow, faintly sinuate spines projecting backward. Tenth abdominal tergite in apical view band-shaped, furrowed in middle, on both sides of furrow, and between spines of ninth tergite, with an upcurved, hook-shaped, acute spine; in ventral view this structure continues as furrowed plate towards inside body ( Figs. 56 D–E). Subgenital plate widening from base to apical margin; apical margin on both sides with bases of long and stout styli, in middle with a rather wide projection dividing into two cones ( Fig. 56F ). Phallus sclerite elongate, slightly sinuate with subacute tip; at base strongly widened toward both sides but flattened and with irregular margin; dark, stiffened, bulging and striated structures of the phallus membrane forming an embracing structure around that base ( Figs. 58 K–N). Measurements ( 1 male ).—body w/wings: 53; body w/o wings: 38; pronotum: 6.8; tegmen: 43; tegmen width: 15.5; hind femur: 20.5; antenna: 130 mm .

Description. Medium sized species. Head: Face oval; nearly smooth; fastigium verticis wider than scapus; ocelli present; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a very fine suture; subocular furrows shallow ( Fig. 55C ). Abdominal tergites two and three each with two rows of clearly visible stridulatory pegs (6–8, 10–19; 6–14, 16–20; n = 2 males , 1 female ). Wings reaching or little surpassing about middle of stretched hind tibia ( Fig. 53G ). Tegmen: Radius divided into two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior free, in subbasal area closely approached to radius; cubitus anterior at base with a single branch that forks into two veins, the anterior branch makes a curvature and receives a connection branch from MA, shortly after it divides into two parallel branches, MP and CuA1, while the posterior branch (CuA2) does not divide further; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins, last two with common stem. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 5–7 external and 6–7 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color light brown. Head brownish testaceous; vertex with an entire or interrupted black post-ocular band and with a pair of black spots between compound eyes; genae with a black spot below eyes and another black spot above at ventral end of subocular furrow, the latter sometimes missing; maxillary palpi light brown. Pronotum for the greatest part black with the following yellowish brown ornaments: a band along hind margin on disc and paranota, large spots at ventro-anterior angles, a small spot in middle of anterior margin, and two pairs of minute spots within the black coloration of disc, the posterior sometimes missing, the anterior spots can be sub-fused. Legs of general color. Tegmen semi-transparent white, veins and veinlets brown; towards base little darker; hind wing semi-transparent white, veins and veinlets brown. Male. Eighth abdominal tergite only little prolonged. Ninth abdominal tergite globular, at apical margin with step-like emargination with narrow membranous surface, at each side of this emargination a long and thin process curved ventrad. Tenth abdominal tergite with a pair of short and stout upright processes in middle with apical area compressed and tip acute, pointing towards body ( Figs. 56 G–H). Subgenital plate with little diverging lateral margins, apical margin on both sides oblique with rather short bicornute median process; slightly curved styli little shorter than length of subgenital plate, inserted at oblique areas of apical margin ( Fig. 56I ). Phallus with a narrow elongate but in lateral view strongly sinuate sclerite with forked and recurved base, in situ hidden in an infumate membranous sacculus ( Figs. 58 C–E). Female. Seventh abdominal sternite nearly membranous with numerous narrow transverse riffles; apical half semi-oval, membranous; with black spots probably caused by wound closures; at hind margin with a wide projecting triangular lobe with rounded apex. Subgenital plate short, membranous, with a very small sclerite in middle of apical margin ( Fig. 59C ). Ovipositor elongate substraight, very faintly curved; tip with narrowed margins, subobtuse ( Fig. 59D ). Measurements ( 8 males , 1 female ).—body w/wings: male 42–50, female 48; body w/o wings: male 25–42, female 37; pronotum: male 6.0–6.5, female 6.8; tegmen: male 35.5–40.0, female 38; tegmen width: male 12–13, female 13.5; hind femur: male 16.5–19.0, female 19; antenna: male 120; ovipositor: female 35 mm .

Description. Medium sized species. Head: Face oval; nearly smooth or with very fine transverse riffles in middle; fastigium verticis wider than scapus; ocelli present; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a very fine suture; subocular furrows shallow ( Fig. 55F ). Abdominal tergites two and three each with two rows of stridulatory pegs (6–7, 9–12; 12, 16–17; n = 1 male , 1 female ). Wings little surpassing middle of stretched hind tibia ( Fig. 53H ). Tegmen: Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior free, in subbasal area closely approached to radius; cubitus anterior at base with a single branch that forks into two veins, the anterior branch makes a curvature, receives a connection branch from MA (in female very distinct), shortly after it divides into two parallel branches, MP and CuA1, while the posterior branch (CuA2) does not divide further; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins, last two with common stem. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 6–8 external and 7–10 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color light brown; vertex brown with black spot behind compound eyes and on fastigium verticis; pronotum black, ventro-anterior angles, hind margin and some scattered small spots light brown; legs of general color with genicular area and part of tarsal segments black. Face yellowish brown with black spots on fastigium verticis and at baso-lateral angles of clypeus; tip of mandibles also black. Tegmen semi-transparent white, veins and veinlets brown; towards base darker; hind wing semi-transparent white, veins and veinlets brown. Male. Eighth abdominal tergite only little prolonged. Ninth abdominal tergite rather short, little globular, apical margin emarginated on both sides, in middle with a narrow projection with truncate tip, emarginated area vertical with membranous surface, at lateral margins of emargination a vaulted plate-shaped process that terminates into a long, narrow, compressed, little curved and acute spine bent ventrad. Tenth abdominal tergite in middle and between projections of ninth tergite with a pair of narrow, upright, acute projections curved faintly proximad and terminating below of an elongate but truncate median process of ninth tergite ( Figs. 56 J–K). Subgenital plate with convex lateral margins, apical margin on both sides oblique with bicornute median process; slightly curved styli little shorter than length of subgenital plate, inserted at oblique areas of apical margin ( Fig. 56L ). Phallus with a narrow elongate but little sinuate sclerite ( Fig. 58G ). Female. Seventh abdominal sternite fully membranous but at base little stiffened; in center with a large complex membranous elevation containing a transverse fissure at both sides, probably resulting from punctures of the male appendages. Subgenital plate fully membranous; apical area triangular with rounded tip (reversed upside down in preparation) ( Fig. 59J ). Base of ovipositor with long oval gonangulum at base. Ovipositor very long, substraight; only before tip faintly upcurved; tip with narrowed margins, subobtuse ( Fig. 59K ). Measurements ( 6 males , 3 females ).—body w/wings: male 42–48, female 42–45; body w/o wings: male 27– 34, female 33–40; pronotum: male 5.5–7.0, female 6.5–7.0; tegmen: male 31–37, female 33–35; tegmen width: male 11.0–11.5, female 11.5; hind femur: male 12–19, female 17–19; antenna: male 115–120, female 130; ovipositor: female 29–31 mm .