Bioacoustics of Capnogryllacris

Diagnosis. Body medium or large sized, form robust to slender. Frons smooth or with indistinct punctations, without wrinkles. Abdomen without femoral-abdominal stridulatory organ. Male ninth abdominal tergite with 1 pair of heavily sclerotized crossed processes, its basal area inflated and partly movable, apical area directing downward and outward; tenth abdominal tergite partly reduced wihout any processes or hooks; genitalia entirely membranous; cerci long, narrowing, apex sharp; subgenital plate with robust styli. Female subgenital plate long, basal area with 1 pair of capulatory depressions, sometimes merged into a single median depression. Species included. Seven species are recorded in China .

Description. Medium large species. Head: Face ovoid; forehead in middle with fine riffles, laterally nearly smooth; fastigium verticis wider than scapus; ocelli little distinct; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a very fine suture; subocular furrows shallow ( Fig. 48F ). Abdominal tergites two and three with without stridulatory pegs. Wings surpassing hind knees and nearly reaching mid of stretched hind tibia ( Fig. 46E ). Tegmen: Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior arises free from base, later divides into MA and MP; both, cubitus anterior and cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs (right mid tibia in holotype obviously a regrind being shorter and with only 3 pairs of ventral spines); hind femur with about 7–11 external and about 12–13 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one preapical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color light brown with extended black pattern; vertex black, pronotum black except for a brown transverse band in middle of disc; legs brown with genicular areas of all legs and fore and hind tarsi black, fore tibia laterally black, hind tibia with large black spots, mid tarsi with apical segments black. Face central area yellow; fastigium verticis with a black spot; antennal scrobae and area ventro-mediad of it black; lateral areas of face, genae, mandibles and labrum black; maxillary palpi yellow brown. Tegmen semi-transparent yellowish, towards base darker; veins yellow to dark brown; hind wing semi-transparent white, main veins yellow or brown, cross veins dark brown to black. Male. Eighth abdominal tergite little prolonged. Ninth abdominal tergite rather short, little projecting behind eighth tergite; furrowed in midline and provided on both sides with a large obtuse swelling that terminates on ventro-internal angle into a large compressed sickle-shaped process with serrate apical margin ( Figs. 49 I–K). Subgenital plate wider than long with a deep medial furrow dividing it into two apically diverging roughly rectangular halves; apical margin wide roundly excised in middle; styli stout, upcurved for about 90°, inserted on apical margin nearly in middle between lateral margin and furrow. Female unknown. Measurements ( 3 males ).—body w/wings: 46–50; body w/o wings: 34–39; pronotum: 8.0–8.5; tegmen: 34–36; tegmen width: 14.5; hind femur: 22–23; antenna: 140 mm .

Description. Medium large species. Head: Face ovoid; forehead in middle with fine riffles, laterally nearly smooth; fastigium verticis wider than scapus; ocelli marked by yellow spots; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a very fine suture; subocular furrows shallow ( Figs. 48 A–C). Abdominal tergites two and three without stridulatory pegs or only single remnants of it (n = 2 females , 1 male ). Wings surpassing hind knees; in males little longer than in females ( Fig. 46A ). Tegmen: Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior arises free from base; cubitus anterior at base with a single branch that forks into two veins, the anterior branch makes a curvature and receives an oblique connection vein from MA and shortly after divides again into two parallel branches, MP and CuA1, while the posterior branch (CuA2) does not divide further, as individual variation the anterior branch remains undivided as MP+CuA1; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 6–11 external and 12–18 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one preapical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color of head and pronotum varying from medium orange brown to dark chocolate brown; occiput and posterior area of pronotum of lighter color. With light yellow strokes below lateral ocelli and below fastigial suture, the latter may be extended to clypeo-frontal suture or missing in lighter colored specimens; margin of clypeus also light yellow, often with a dorsal extension in midline of scapus; maxillary palpi (at least apical three segments), part of antennal scrobae, hind margin of pronotum, and a hieroglyphic pattern on disc of pronotum black, additional dark or black spots on vertex. Tegmen semi-transparent yellowish, towards base darker; veins yellow; cross veins dark faintly adorned; hind wing semi-transparent ochre, main veins yellow or brown, cross veins dark brown or black adorned on both sides by narrow light or dark brown bands; in area anterior of media hardly any bands as on tegmen. Variation. Coloration of the specimen from Cambodia differs somewhat from the specimens from Central Vietnam . The face is bright red instead of red brown or dark brown and the labrum is black with yellow midline and ventral margin instead of brown with yellow midline and ventral margin. The apical hooks of ninth abdominal tergite are identical with those of C. varifrons . Pronotum and hind femur are little shorter than in the males from Vietnam . Male. Eighth abdominal tergite prolonged. Ninth abdominal tergite globular, finely furrowed in midline, in apical area bulging on both sides of midline and then produced into a long, stout, and incurved spine gradually narrowing to acute tip, in situ spines crossing each other ( Figs. 49 A–B). Tenth abdominal tergite restricted to area around bases of cerci. Epiproct long-triangular with a medial furrow; paraproctes bowl-shaped. Subgenital plate wider than long, lateral margins convex, apical margin little obtuse angularly excised; styli longer than subgenital plate, inserted at apico-lateral angles. Phallus membranous. Female. Seventh abdominal sternite strongly setose in basal half. Subgenital plate roughly semi-circular in general outline with gradually upcurved lateral margins, at tip very faintly roundly excised in middle ( Fig. 51A ). Base of ovipositor normal. Ovipositor elongate, little curved in basal area, afterwards nearly substraight, with slightly converging margins; near tip margins more strongly narrowing, tip subacute ( Fig. 51B ). Measurements ( 3 males , 3 females ).—body w/wings: male 40–47, female 36–43; body w/o wings: male 27– 31, female 27–29; pronotum: male 5.0–6.5, female 6.5–7.2; tegmen: male 30–33, female 26.5–29.5; tegmen width: male 10, female 10; hind femur: male 17.5–18.5, female 17–19; antenna: male 100–130, female 100–110; ovipositor: female 18.5–22.0 mm.