Bioacoustics of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) longipennis

Description. Male — Fastigium of vertex narrower than scape, Eyes globular, protruding outwards, apex obtuse, dorsal surface obtusely rounded. Anterior margin of pronotum slightly concave, posterior margin convex, rounded, metazona raised upwards, lateral lobes of pronotum rounded, with a tumid oval semitransparent area along posterior margin on both sides. Tegmina and hind wing fully developed, forewing unicolourous with cross vein of costal and pre-costal area regular, parallel, varying to fairly irregular, tegmina smaller than hind wing. Hind femora with 3–7 externo-ventral spines; hind tibiae with 6 apical spurs. Tenth abdominal tergite nearly unmodified, median carina visible with apical projections, very slightly straight and apical margin broadly rounded. Stridulatory file area of male left tegmen large, slightly curved, with about 70 large and 20 small teeth, main teeth very robust, which are large and spaced in middle, gradually becoming narrower towards the apex. Knee lobes of fore femora with two small external spines and internally obtusely rounded, mid femora with two external and one internal small spines; hind femora on external and internal sides with two long spines with apex black, the upper side spines longer than those lower. Coxal spines long. Tympanam on fore tibiae conchate on internal and external sides; six pairs of spines on the ventral side, dorsum smooth, mesotibia without apical spurs; hind femur without spines dorsally with 5–7 externo-ventral spines, but without intro-internal spines. Hind tibiae with 28–30 dorsointernal, 23–25 external spines, 5–7 ventro-internal and 6–9 external spines with three pairs of apical spurs. Cerci stout, cylindrical, basal area conical, apices slightly narrower and rounded; one inner spine at apex with apices pointed, tapering (with globular apex). Subgenital plate long, middle carinae raised, centre of posterior margin with a slight incision in middle, styli small, cylindrical, apices obtuse. Supra anal plate small, flat, tongue-shaped with apex rounded. PLATE X. C. longipennis male 1–8: 1. Dorsal view of head; 2. Dorsal view of pronotum; 3. Lateral view of pronotum; 4. Fastigium verticis; 5. Mirror on right tegmina; 6. Dorsal view of stridulatory file; 7. Tegmina; 8. Ventral view of stridulatory file on left tegmina. PLATE XI. C. longipennis male 9–13: 9. Hind femur; 10. Dorsal view of tenth abdominal tergite; 11. Lateral view of genitalia; 12. Dorsal view of cerci; 13. Ventral view of subgenital plate; female 14–16: 14. Lateral view of ovipositor; 15. Lateral view of cerci; 16. Ventral view of subgenital plate. Female. Tenth abdominal tergite with median notch, apical margin rounded. Epiproct small, triangular, cerci conical at base, narrowing apically with apex obtuse. Subgenital plate slightly broader than long, rounded, triangular, apex obtuse, apical lobe triangular and rounded. Ovipositor long moderately straight and slightly curved upward, dorsal and ventral margins smooth, dorsal valve longer than ventral.

Plate 1 , Figs E–F; Plate 3 , Figs 1 –16 Redescription Male: Body small-sized and slender. Head: fastigium compressed laterally, wider than scapus with apex rounded; eyes globular and bulging outward. Tegmina and wings: tegmina shorter than hind wings, apex rounded; wings reaching middle of hind tibia in situ ; Thorax : Pronotum raised posteriorly, median carina indistinct; anterior dorsal margin weakly concave, posterior margin rounded, lateral lobes triangular, higher than long with secondary tympanum covering partially thoracic auditory spiracle, humeral sinus weak; prosternum with a pair of spines; mesosternal lobes triangular; metasternal lobes rounded; thoracic auditory spiracle large, oval, partially hidden under lateral lobe of pronotum; stridulatory file slightly curved with 65 teeth which are evenly arranged, middle teeth large and gradually decreasing in length at distal end; legs: Legs: All tibia dorsally sulcate. Genicular lobes of fore femora with two spines on inner side and spineless on outer side; mid genicular lobes armed with a single spine on inner side and bispinose on outer side; hind genicular lobes with two spines on both inner and outer side; fore coxae with a spine; all femora dorsally spineless; fore and mid femora ventrally spineless; hind femora ventrally armed with a single sub-basal spine on inner margin; 4 small, black spines arranged on outer margin; tympanum present on fore tibia bilaterally closed, the opening is directed towards dorsal side with a pair of small pits laterally just below the tympanum; fore and mid tibiae dorsally without spines; ventrally fore tibiae with 6 small spines on inner margin; 6 small spines on outer margin; ventrally mid tibiae with 6 small spines on inner margin, 6 small spines on outer margin; hind tibiae dorsally with variable number of minute to small sized, thick black spines on inner margin and outer margin; ventrally hind tibiae with 6 small spines on inner margin, 9 on outer margin; single dorsal pair of spurs and two ventral pairs (outer larger and inner being small) of spurs present on the apical region of hind tibiae. Abdomen: tenth tergite nearly unmodified, median carina present with apical projection, depressed medially, apical margin rounded. supra-anal plate triangular with basal groove, apex rounded; subgenital plate slightly longer than broad; median carina visible at apical half; apical margin with slight median V-shaped excision; styles small, cylindrical; apex blunt; cerci cylindrical, compressed apically on dorsal side; two-third apical half with internal tooth, internal cercal tooth broad and tapering towards apex, apices knob like. Female: Tenth abdominal tergite with short, triangular median excision, apical margin rounded; supra-anal plate triangular, apex sub-obtuse; subgenital plate triangular slightly broader than long, apex with moderately rounded excision; cerci conical; ovipositor weekly upcurved, dorsal valve longer than ventral; weakly surpassing the wings when straightened; length of ovipositor shorter than hind femur.

Redescription. Male: Body small-sized and slender. Fastigium of vertex compressed laterally: base of fastigium 1.86 to 2.16 times as wide as scapus. Fastigium verticis narrower than scapus; apex rounded. Eyes globular and protruding outward. Pronotum: pronotal disc raised posteriorly, median carina hardly visible; anterior dorsal margin weakly concave, posterior margin rounded. Lateral lobes triangular; higher than long with secondary tympanum, slightly raised elliptical area of thinner cuticle covering partially thoracic auditory spiracle; humeral sinus weak. Prosternum armed with a pair of spines; mesosternal lobes triangular; metasternal lobes rounded. Thoracic auditory spiracle large, oval, partially hidden under lateral lobe of pronotum, setose on inner edge of spiracle. A weak tubercle is present at mid anterior inner edge of spiracle. Tegmina shorter than hind wings, apex rounded. Wings reaching middle of hind tibia when straightened. Stridulatory file slightly curved with 65 teeth which are evenly arranged, middle teeth are large and gradually decreasing in length at distal end; file gradually narrow at distal end. Legs: All tibia dorsally sulcated. Genicular lobes of fore femora armed by bispinose on inner side and unarmed on outer side; mid genicular lobes armed by a single spine on inner side and bispinose on outer side; hind genicular lobes armed by bispinose on both inner and outer side. Fore coxae armed by an elongate spine. All femora dorsally unarmed. Fore and mid femora ventrally unarmed. Hind femora ventrally armed by a single sub-basal spine on inner margin; 4 small, thick black colored spines arranged on outer margin. Tympanum present on fore tibia bilaterally closed, the opening is directed towards dorsal side with a pair of small pits laterally just below the tympanum. Fore and mid tibiae dorsally unarmed. Fore tibiae ventrally armed by 6 small spines on inner margin; 6 small spines on outer margin. Mid tibiae ventrally armed by 6 small spines on inner margin; 6 small spines on outer margin. Hind tibiae dorsally armed by 29-30 minute to small sized, thick black colored spines on inner margin; 33-34 minute to small-sized, thick black colored spines on outer margin. Hind tibiae ventrally armed by 6 small-sized spines on inner margin; 9 small sized spines on outer margin. Single dorsal pair of spurs and two ventral pairs (inner smaller and outer larger) of spurs present on the apical region of hind tibiae. Tenth abdominal tergite nearly unmodified, median carina present with apical projection, middle area moderately depressed, apical margin broadly rounded. Supra-anal plate triangular with basal groove, apex rounded. Subgenital plate slightly longer than broad; median carina visible at apical half; apical margin with slight median triangular excision; styles small, cylindrical; apex obtuse. Cerci stout, cylindrical, compressed apically on dorsal side; two-third apical half with internal tooth, internal cercal tooth broad and gradually narrow towards apically, apices is provided with a globular apex. Female: Tenth abdominal tergite with short, triangular median excision, apical margin rounded. Supra-anal plate triangular, apex sub-obtuse. Subgenital plate triangular slightly broader than long, apex with moderately rounded excision. Cerci conical; almost straight. Ovipositor moderately straight, slightly upcurved, dorsal valve longer than ventral; weakly surpassing the wings when straightened; length of ovipositor shorter than hind femur. Morphometry (length in mm)