Bioacoustics of Bothynus ascanius

Description Colour : Usually reddish to reddish brown, rarely dark brown. Head : Clypeus shape subtrapezoidal to subtriangular, uniformly convergent or sinuous laterally (with apparent constriction in anterior half); anterior margin bearing 2 raised, conical, subtriangular or lobed (flattened anteroposteriorly) teeth; dorsal surface usually rugopunctate and glabrous to scarcely setose; clypeus surrounded by dense setae projecting from ventral surface. Frontoclypeal region bearing a transverse, incomplete, raised carina, not reaching the lateral margins of head. Frons transversely rugose or coarsely rugopunctate, usually with scarce setae on sides, rarely glabrous. Ocular canthus transverse, subrectangular, glabrous dorsally, ventrally bearing a transverse fringe of setae. Mouthparts : Mandibles each bearing 3 teeth produced at outer margins; teeth usually subtriangular, rarely lobed. Maxilla with 3–5 apical teeth produced at inner margin of galea; teeth pointed. Labium subtriangular, flattened, surrounded by dense, deep, coalescent, setigerous punctures on sides; disc with weak, shallow, small punctures; discal setae scarce, smaller than those at sides. Antennae : 10-segmented; lamellae usually flattened; club from subequal to nearly 2.5 times longer than antennomeres 2–7 combined. Prothorax : Pronotum, in dorsal view, bearing a tubercle contiguous with middle of anterior margin; anterior area with a shallow to deep and small to large cavity that is rounded or oval in shape, sometimes extended to posterior pronotal area; cavity transversely rugose, densely rugopunctate or densely punctate; pronotal sides usually with large, dense, deep, ocellated punctures; punctures on posterior disc smaller, weak compared to those on sides; posterior margin mostly rugopunctate or strongly rugose. Pronotum, in lateral view, with declivous anterior area, posterior area strongly convex. Prosternal process columnar, cylindrical, projecting between coxae, apex oval. Pterothorax : Scutellar plate mostly subtriangular, usually smooth, rarely with dense punctures. Elytral surface rarely smooth or setose; usually covered with ocellate and deep punctures, small to large in size; striae mostly well impressed. Epipleurae weakly produced, usually hidden below lateral margin of elytra in dorsal view. Meso- and metaventrite from moderately to densely setose; metaventrite from glabrous to weakly setose on disc. Abdomen : Tergite 7 bearing disc with 1–2 paired bands of finely marked, transverse, stridulatory striae. Tergite 8 transverse, subtriangular, from rugose to densely punctate, glabrous to densely setose. Sternites 4–7 rugose on sides, punctate on disc; sternite 8 emarginate at middle of posterior margin. Legs : Inner protarsal claw strongly curved, simple (equal in length and shape to outer claw), deeply incised or bearing only a ventromedial process. Protarsomere 5 subequal in length to protarsomeres 3–4 combined; ventroapical area of protarsomere 5 usually with a small, triangular, projected process. Protarsomeres 2–4 subequal in length. Protibia with 3 triangular teeth produced at outer margin; basal tooth smaller to medial and apical ones; dorsal surface rugose along a longitudinal area close to base of teeth. Mesotarsomere 5 subequal in length to tarsomeres 3–4 combined; mesotarsomeres 1–4 gradually and sequentially decreasing in size. Mesotibia with sinuous apex; outer surface usually provisioned with 2 carinae (1 basal, 1 medial); medial carina obliquely produced; surface area between apex and medial carinae strongly concave; basal carina short, transverse, sometimes absent; apex and carinae bordered with spinule-like setae. Metatarsi similar to mesotarsi. Metatibia longer, robust compared to mesotibia; apex truncated; similar to mesotibiae in other aspects. Aedeagus : Phalobasis nearly 1.5 times longer than parameres. Parameres, in caudal view, oval, long (1.5 times longer than wide), rounded laterally in basal half; apical half constricted lateroventrally; apex usually with 2 oval lobes produced laterodorsally; surface usually smooth, rarely punctate. Parameres, in lateral view, arched dorsally, usually with a visible ventrobasal carina, apex usually rounded, rarely acuminate. Sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is variable within the B. ascanius species group. Females either bearing a small pronotal tubercle or lacking one; pronotal cavity usually shallow or declivous, rarely large and deep; pronotum weakly convex posteriorly in lateral view; pronotal surface nearly entirely covered by dense, large punctures; inner protarsal claw simple, equal in length to outer claw; tergite 8 flattened or weakly convex in lateral view; sternite 8 from parabolic to subtriangular, with entire posterior margin, lacking emargination, as in the male.