Bioacoustics of Zebragryllus wittoto

Description. In addition of the characters of the genus: Species quite large for the genus. TIII with 5 inner, and 5–6 (females, mean 5.3) and 4–5 (males, mean 4.8) outer subapical spurs, the 5th inner and the 5th–6th outer usually much smaller when present. Basitarsomeres III with 4 (females) and 4–5 (males, mean 4.5) inner, and 5–6 (females, mean 5.3) and 6–7 (males, mean 6.5) outer dorsal spines in addition to apical spines. Coloration. Scapes and first antenomere whitish brown, followed by a short white basal ring with 5–7 in males (mean 6.5) and 6–8 in females (mean 7) white antennomeres (about 20 white antenomeres, including scape and pedicellus in Colombian paratypes ); then a long dark brown ring of 22–27 in males (mean 24.8) and 28 in females dark antennomeres ( 25 in Colombian paratypes ), followed again by a white ring (14–15 white antennomeres in males, mean 14.8; not documented in observed females and Colombian paratypes , which antennae are broken); antennae dark brown thereafter. Head brown, the face yellowish above epistemal suture; maxillary palpi brown, joint 4 somewhat lighter dorso-basally. Pronotum black brown, not shining. TI, TII dark brown. FI white, with brown apex and ventral margin. FII dark brown with a well-delimited whitish spot. FIII with a longitudinal white band along ventral margin and two transverse white bands, in addition to a basal, oblique band clearly separate from the ventral one ( Fig. 1 ). Male. FWs ( Fig. 1 ) as in Z. nouragui Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. ( Fig. 2 C), but distal cell of mirror twice as large; cellules c2, c3, d1 and d2 separated by a I-shaped vein. Stridulatory vein with 68–71 teeth (mean 69.3, n=3). Subgenital plate as on Fig. 2 F. Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallic sclerite very short ( Fig. 4 A); median lophi short, but largely separate dorsally, wide and like truncate in lateral view, with acute dorsal tip ( Fig. 4 B); lateral lophi very short, thick. Pseudepiphallic parameres short, slightly longer than pseudepiphallic lophi in lateral view ( Fig. 4 B). Ectophallic fold longer than main body of pseudepiphallus and pseudepiphallic parameres, visible dorsally between median lophi. Female. FWs very short, hardly going beyond tergite 2 distal margin ( Fig. 5 A); separate by a distance bigger than their own length; some faint longitudinal veins. Mesonotum white; metanotum whitish with a lighter band along distal margin; tergites 4 and 5 ( Fig. 5 A) with a faint whitish band, interrupted on median line, close to anterior margin dorsally, oriented toward distal margin of tergite laterally; tergite 4 pattern stronger than tergite 5. Subgenital plate short, transverse; distal margin slightly concave; distal angles not produced ( Fig. 6 A, B). Ovipositor very short. Female genitalia. Copulatory papilla resembling that of Z. guianensis Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. , being broadly triangular in shape, with a thin anterior part, and a broader distal part; distal margin bisinuate ( Fig. 6 C–E). Measurements (in mm). Lpron wpron LFW wFW LFIII wFIII LTIII File Holotype 1.7 2.7 6 4.2 6.6 2,2 4.5 69 teeth Paratypes 1.7–2 2.7 (n=1) 6.7–7 4.5 (n=1) 6.6–7.4 2.3 (n=1) 4.6–5 68–71 teeth mean (n=3) 1.8 2.7 (n=2) 6.4 4.4 (n=2) 6.9 2.3 (n=2) 4.7 69.3 teeth continued.

Diagnosis. Within the genus, species with black and white pattern of coloration on antennae, legs and tergites (this visible mostly in females). Antennae white basally, and alternatively white and brown. Male: FWs with a wide mirror, divided into two cells, the distal cells quite large ( Fig. 1 ); stridulatory file with 68–71 teeth (n=3, mean 69.3). Male genitalia: median lophi long and thick ( Fig. 4 A), their lower angles marked but not spine-like ( Fig. 4 B); lateral lophi short and thick; pseudepiphallic parameres going beyond lateral lophi ( Fig. 4 A, B); apodeme on dorsal cavity long. Female: FWs very short, widely separate; body black, with a white half ring on metanotum, and a pair of faint, whitish band on tergites 4 and 5 ( Fig. 5 A); subgenital plate ( Fig. 6 A, B) short, transverse, with slightly concave distal margin and not produced distal angles, white, except for black median part; ovipositor very short. Female genitalia. Somewhat triangular in shape, distal margin wider and slightly bisinuated ( Fig. 6 C–E).

Remark. The males originating from Iquitos are very similar to the specimens from Brillo Nuevo, by their general coloration, size, FW venation and stridulatory file (72 teeth, n=1). Their genitalia are however slightly different (median and lateral lophi similar to those of Z. wittoto Desutter-Grandcolas and Cadena-Castañeda , n. sp. , but pseudepiphallic parameres slightler thinner and longer ventrally). Calling song. One male from Iquitos (MNHN-EO-ENSIF3366) has been recorded in the field at a temperature of 27°C. The calling song is composed of series of echemes ( Fig. 8 A) where each echeme is 0.37±0.1 ms in duration, echeme period is 0.58±0.1 ms and the echeme duty cycle is 65%. Each echeme is made up of 15±5 syllables where the syllable duration is 0.02±0.002 ms, syllable period is 0.04±0.005 ms and syllable duty cycle is 40%. The dominant frequency is 3.5 kHz.