Bioacoustics of Zalarnaca

DIAGNOSIS. Body small for the subfamily, fully winged. Fastigium verticis broad, ocelli absent or inconspicuous. Humeral sinus of pronotum indistinct. Tegmina and hind wings considerably surpassing apices of hind femora. Fore coxae with one small spine; fore and middle femora unarmed on ventral surface; fore and middle tibiae with 5 pairs of spurs (including a pair of apical spurs) on ventral surface; hind femora with two rows of spines on ventral surface; dorsal surface of hind tibiae with two rows of spines, and apices with a pair of dorsal and two pairs of ventral spurs. Second and third abdominal tergites with stridulatory teeth on lateral margins. Male: posterior margin of ninth abdominal tergite with 1 pair of hook-shaped processes; tenth abdominal tergite with a pair of small tuberculate processes situated between previous procresses; subgenital plate simple with developed styli. Female: posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite with one process, which pointed backwards, or only its traces.

Diagnosis. Body small for the subfamily, fully winged. Fastigium verticis broad, ocelli absent or inconspicuous. Humeral sinus of pronotum indistinct. Second and third abdominal tergites with stridulatory teeth on lateral margins. Posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite with 1 pair of hook-shaped processes; tenth abdominal tergite with a pair of small tuberculate processes situated between previous procresses; epiproct simple, without process or hook; subgenital plate simple with developed styli. Posterior margin of female seventh abdominal sternite with one process, which pointing backward, or only its traces. Herein, we regard Glolarnaca as a subgenus of Zalarnaca . Two species are distributed in China .

Description. Small species. Head: Face ovoid, surface matt, with very fine transverse riffles and impressed dots; fastigium verticis much wider than scapus; ocelli little distinct ( Fig. 92C ). Abdominal tergites two and three each with two rows of very minute stridulatory pegs (10, 12; 11, 12; n = 1; Fig. 92G ). Wings about covering tip of abdomen ( Fig. 92A ). Tegmen: Radius releases RS behind mid tegmen, radius stem forked again near tip, on right tegmen R does not release RS but behind mid-length of tegmen M divides from one point into 3 veins (RS, MA and MP?). Media anterior free but fuses with radius for a short distance in subbasal area, CuA and CuP both remain single-branched and free throughout; with 7 anal veins, the last two weak, shortened and with common base. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs, all rather short compared to other genera; hind femur rather stout ( Fig. 92B ) with 11–15 external and 6–12 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced and very small spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with 3 apical spurs on both sides; without ventral preapical spine; hind tibia slightly curved. Coloration. General color brown; vertex brown with 2 black spots along midline. Face dirty brown, on vertex with 5, below with 6 black spots; maxillary palpi yellowish. Pronotum brown with 2 large and 2 small black spots in anterior area of disc and in midline with an interrupted black band along hind margin including lateral area; legs black with brown tarsi and brown hind knees and other brown spots. Tegmen orange brown, in apical area semitransparent white; vein coloration intensifies from light yellow in apical area to blackish brown near base; hind wing semi-transparent white or faint yellowish, main veins dark brown, cross-veins yellowish brown. Male unknown. Female. Seventh abdominal sternite with nearly parallel lateral margins; disc almost rectangularly changes into lateral surface, only in basal area rounded; almost basal half with elevated surface, posterior margin of elevated area convex, but in midline with a conical extension until about 3/4 of sternite; apical margin of sternite undulated: convex on both sides and in middle, concave in between; apical and lateral surfaces of sternite almost vertical ( Fig. 92E ). Subgenital plate vertically descending to level of ventral margin of base of ovipositor; in lateral view with subparallel lateral margins, then strongly curved backward and with obtuse tip; in ventral view on both sides with subparallel ascending areas, in middle with two about oval backward projections separated by a deep furrow ( Figs. 92 D–E). Ventral valves of ovipositor at very base with a conical ventral projection. Ovipositor falcate, in subbasal area strongly, afterwards regularly upcurved and with gradually converging margins; tip narrowing, subacute ( Fig. 92F ). Measurements ( 1 female ).—body w/wings: 21; body w/o wings: 20; pronotum: 4.7; tegmen: 14; tegmen width: 5.6; hind femur: 8; ovipositor: 8.5 mm .

Description. Small to medium sized species. Head: Face narrow ovoid; forehead nearly smooth; fastigium verticis about as wide as scapus, hardly wider; separated by a sinuate transverse suture from fastigium frontis; ocelli distinct, white; subocular furrow indistinct ( Fig. 93B ). Abdominal tergites two and three each with two rows of stridulatory pegs (8, 14;>16,>20; n = 1; Fig. 93F ). Wings reaching to about tip of stretched hind tibiae ( Fig. 93A ). Tip of tegmen partly truncate, only at posterior angle rounded. Tegmen: Radius releases RS only in about apical third; both veins divide once more near tip; media anterior free from base, single-branched; cubitus anterior at base with a single branch that forks into two veins in about basal third, the anterior branch divides again into two branches, MP and CuA1, while the posterior branch (CuA2) does not divide further; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 3 anal veins. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 7–9 external and 13 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides ( Fig. 1H , 93G ). Coloration. General color uniformly brown. Face uniformly yellowish brown. Tegmen semi-transparent yellow, towards margins of lighter color, veins yellow; hind wing semi-transparent white; veins yellow, veinlets light grey. Male. Eight abdominal tergite with dorsal area prolonged. Ninth abdominal tergite globular but short and strongly down-curved, in apical area with medial furrow, in middle of apical margin with a pair of short processes, each curved first laterad then mediad then suddenly dorsad and proximad, at end black and with acute tip. Tenth abdominal tergite short band-shaped below apical margin of ninth tergite; in middle with a short dorsal process with obtuse tip faintly curved proximad, visible through the cleft between the margin of the ninth tergite and the tips of its apical processes ( Fig. 93 C–E). Epiproct short, narrow with medial furrow; paraproctes forming large plates projecting from base of cerci. Subgenital plate little wider than long, slightly furrowed in midline (artifact), with convex lateral margins, apical margin obtuse angularly excised; styli small and thin, less than one third the length of subgenital plate, inserted at external surface of apical lateral angles of subgenital plate ( Fig. 93D ). Measurements ( 1 male ).—body w/wings: 28; body w/o wings: 22; pronotum: 3.8; tegmen: 23; tegmen width: 6.5; hind femur: 11.5; antenna: 90 mm .