Bioacoustics of Asarcogryllacris

Description. Small species. Head: Face not particularly large; in frontal view ovoid; forehead nearly smooth; fastigium verticis wider than scapus; ocelli indistinct ( Fig. 43B ). Abdominal tergites two and three each on both sides with two oblique rows of small stridulatory pegs (2–4, 9–13; 8–13, 14–18; n = 6: 2 females , 4 males ; Fig. 43K ). Wings reaching about abdominal apex, little longer or shorter ( Figs. 43A, G ). Tegmen: Due to reduction of wing size venation somewhat reduced; variable between specimens. Radius with two branches, either both ( 2 specimens ) or only one of them R ( 2 specimens ) or RS ( 3 specimens ) forked near tip or RS+MA divide together from R and only later divide into RS and MA ( 3 specimens ); media anterior fused in basal area with R, free from about end of basal third of tegmen; media posterior either absent or fused with cubitus anterior that forks into two veins (MP and CuA, 4 specimens ) or remains unforked till tip ( 4 specimens ); cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 3 anal veins, last two with common base. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur rather short and thick, with 4–7 external and 3–13 internal spines on ventral margins, little increasing in size towards posterior end (on external side only in apical half); hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins increasing in size from base to end; ventral margins with one pre-apical spine each; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color pale greyish to yellowish brown (originally conserved in alcohol). Face yellowish brown. Pronotum with a pair of dark lateral bands of various intensity that may be interrupted behind mid-length, sometimes indistinct. Hind femur with little distinct striation. Tegmen yellowish transparent with darker veins; hind wing transparent with yellowish veins. In a dark specimen abdominal tergites with black lateral bands; with small black spots at genicular areas of fore and mid femur and tibia, genicular area of hind leg fully black. Male. Ninth abdominal tergite globular with apical half curved ventrad and little proximad, furrowed in midline; at end at both sides of furrow with a short, setose protuberance, black and covered with granules. Tenth abdominal tergite band-shaped, interrupted in middle and sub-fused with ninth tergite from which it is separated by a transverse furrow. Paraproctes on internal side prolonged, curved and widening dorsad, at tip black and provided with denticles, forming the counterparts for the protuberances of the ninth tergite ( Figs. 43 C–E). Subgenital plate rhombic with short styli inserted in about mid-length and not exceeding tip of plate; apex slightly bilobate ( Fig. 43F ). Phallus membranous. Female. Seventh abdominal sternite with apical margin oblique on both sides, in middle with a pair of separated, styliform, little compressed, obtuse projections slightly overlapping base of subgenital plate. Subgenital plate roughly semi-circular, membranous at base ( Fig. 43 I–J). Ovipositor straight, short, about half as long as hind femur; tip obtuse ( Fig. 43H ). Measurements ( 7 males , 5 females ).—body w/wings: male 13.5–21.0, female 15–18; body w/o wings: male 9.5–21.0, female 14–18; pronotum: male 3.0–3.8, female 3.2–4.0; tegmen: male 9.5–14.0, female 10.5–13.0; hind femur: male 7.0–10.5, female 9–10; tegmen width: male 3.5–4.8, female 4; antenna: male 110–130, female 120– 150; ovipositor: female 4.5–6.0 mm.

Description. Small to medium sized species. Head: Face rather narrow; forehead nearly smooth; fastigium verticis little wider than scapus; ocelli small, white, little distinct ( Fig. 42J ). Abdominal tergites two and three each with two rows of extremely weak stridulatory pegs: (0–6, 5–9; 4–6, 6–7; n = 1 male , 1 female ). Wings reaching about tip of hind femur ( Figs. 42H, L ). Tegmen widest in about mid length: Radius releases RS only in apical quarter of tegmen (both males) or RS divides in apical area from MA (female); media anterior fused in about basal third with radius, fused vein markedly thickened; shortly after MA divides from R, it divides again into MA and MP (both males); in this case cubitus anterior remains single-branched throughout. In the female, MA divides only near tip of tegmen into two branches, probably RS and MA, while MP has a common stem with CuA, it divides after basal third in a curvature and then divides again into MP and CuA. Cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 3 anal veins (all specimens). Legs: Fore coxa with small spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with small spines on both ventral margins, with 10–11 external and 10–18 internal spines on ventral margins, increasing in size towards posterior end; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine each; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color light greyish brown (originally conserved in alcohol), vertex with a black band. Face light yellowish brown with dark brown or black bands along fastigial suture, along interrupted clypeo-frontal suture, from below compound eyes to base of mandibles, and with a marked comma-shaped black stroke from and including ventro-internal angle of antennal scrobae to about mid-length of frons; mandibles dark brown; antennal flagella darkened. Pronotum with irregular black lateral bands and black rim, hind femur on external surface with serrated black dorsal and ventral bands, a thin black middle stroke and hind knees black; all femora in progenicular and tibiae in subbasal areas with dark spots. Abdominal tergites with black lateral bands. Tegmen in about basal half brownish transparent, towards tip transparent with brown veins (3 main veins [cubitus + analis 1+2] black in basal area); hind wing transparent with brownish veins. Male. Ninth abdominal tergite strongly curved down posteriorly and triangularly narrowing to a narrow truncate tip; on both sides of tip with moveable about half-moon shaped projections with dentate apical margin and a large tooth at external angle ( Figs. 42 N–O). Paraproctes with a short upcurved membranous process that carries at tip a granular, roughly circular disc with strengthened rim. Subgenital plate rather short, transverse, with styli about as long as plate; apical margin slightly bilobate ( Fig. 42H ). Phallus membranous. Female. Seventh abdominal sternite normal, as preceding sternite with a faint medial furrow, widening apically ( Fig. 42I ). Subgenital plate with long membranous basal area that carries a faintly sclerotised, irregular, reddish brown spot at each side; plate transverse with converging lateral and subtruncate apical margins, separated from membranous part by a transverse furrow. Ovipositor about half as long as hind femur, moderately strong upcurved; before tip narrowing, tip subacute ( Fig. 42K ). Measurements ( 2 males , 1 female ).—body w/wings: male 23–25, female 26; body w/o wings: male 15, female 17; pronotum: male 4–5, female 4.5; tegmen: male 17–18, female 19; hind femur: male 15.0–16.5, female 16.5; tegmen width: male 6, female 5.2; antenna: male 130–180, female 165; ovipositor: female 9.5 mm .

Description. Small to medium sized species. Head: Face narrow ovoid; forehead nearly smooth, in middle with very fine riffles and scattered shallow impressed dots; fastigium verticis little wider than scapus; ocelli visible but little distinct; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a fine suture; subocular furrows only indicated ( Fig. 40F ). Abdominal tergite two with one and tergite three with two rows of stridulatory pegs. Wings about reaching tip of stretched hind tibiae ( Fig. 40D ). Tegmen widest at beginning of apical third. Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior sub-fused in basal quarter with radius, veins attached to each other, but recognizable as two veins; cubitus anterior single-branched at base, after it divides into CuA1 and CuA2, the first branch receives a connection vein from MA, then divides into two parallel veins, MP and CuA1; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 3–4 anal veins, the last branch short and indistinct, arising from a common stem with preceding branch. Legs: Fore coxa with a small spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 4 external and 5 internal spines on ventral margins; although on both margins the spines increasing in size from base to apex, the two posterior inner spines are markedly but not much larger than the others; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides; dorso-internal apical spur 2.1 times longer than dorso-external spur. Coloration. General color uniformly yellowish brown. Face uniformly yellowish or greyish brown with indistinct pattern. Tegmen semitransparent yellow, along fore and hind margins whitish; veins yellow; hind wing semitransparent white; veins yellow, cross-veins pale. Male unknown. Female. Seventh abdominal sternite little narrower than preceding sternite, with two stout, conical and upcurved projections with tips touching membranous base of subgenital plate ( Figs. 41 M–N). Subgenital plate with extended membranous basal area with only lateral margins sclerotised; apical sclerotised area bilobate at tip ( Fig. 41M ). Apical tergite with ventro-posterior angle extended to base of ovipositor. Ovipositor elongate, slightly curved throughout and with gradually approaching margins; tip obtuse ( Fig. 41L ). Measurements ( 1 female ).—body w/wings: 36; body w/o wings: 22; pronotum: 4; tegmen: 28; tegmen width: 8; hind femur: 11; ovipositor: 14 mm .

Description. Medium sized species. Head: Face narrow ovoid; fastigium verticis little wider than scapus; ocelli small but distinct; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a very fine suture; subocular furrows weak. Abdominal tergite two with one and tergite three with two rows of small stridulatory pegs (0, 8; 14, 24; n = 1 female ). Wings surpassing hind knees ( Fig. 40C ). Tegmen: Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior fused in basal area with radius, shortly after it frees it divides into two branches, MA and MP; cubitus anterior and cubitus posterior both single branched, free throughout; with 3 anal veins. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 9 external and 12–16 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color brownish ( Fig. 102C ); head reddish brown with 4 indistinctly darker spots on vertex; pronotum light brown with dark brown rim and two broad dark brown lateral bands on disc; legs light medium brown with some darker spots in genicular area; dorsal spines on hind tibia black. Face brownish with some indistinct lighter and darker patterns. Tegmen semi-transparent white, towards base darkened, in area behind subcosta densely covered with very short brown hairs, giving the area a dark appearance; veins dark brown, only costa and subcosta light yellow; hind wing semi-transparent white, a very small spot at anterior apical end of wing covered with short brown hairs; veins and veinlets brown. Male unknown. Female. Seventh abdominal sternite at apical margin prolonged into a long and flattened glossy plate that is little narrower than width of sternite and at tip triangularly excised. Subgenital plate simple, wider than long; apical margin convex ( Figs. 41 F–H). Base of ovipositor normal. Ovipositor elongate, only slightly curved, margins very slightly approaching apically; tip subacute ( Fig. 41E ). Measurements ( 1 female ).—body w/wings: 29; body w/o wings: 28; pronotum: 4; tegmen: 21; hind femur: 12; tegmen width: 6; antenna: 120; ovipositor: 16 mm .

Description. Small to medium sized species. Head: Face not particularly large; in frontal view roughly oval; forehead nearly smooth; fastigium verticis distinctly wider than scapus; median and lateral ocelli small, little distinct ( Fig. 40H ). Abdominal tergites two and three each with two rows of stridulatory pegs (4, 12; 15, 18; n = 1 female ; Fig. 40I ). Wings little surpassing apex of abdomen ( Fig. 40G ). Tegmen widest in basal quarter: Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior free from base, undivided; cubitus anterior forks into two veins near end of basal third; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 3 anal veins and an incomplete fourth vein. Legs: Fore coxa with small spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with 4 pairs of rather short ventral spines and 1 pair of smaller ventral spurs [the first pair very short; left mid leg missing]; hind femur with 7 external and 8–9 internal spines on ventral margins, little increasing in size towards posterior end; hind tibia with spaced, comparatively short spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine each; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color uniformly medium brown, underside lighter; flagellum of antennae dark brown ( Fig. 102F ). Face yellowish brown, compound eyes dark brown, mandibles reddish brown, palpi yellowish. Tegmen semitransparent yellowish, veins yellowish; hind wing transparent with yellowish veins. Male unknown. Female. Seventh abdominal sternite rather unmodified, apical margin with a pair of very short convex projections. Subgenital plate roughly semi-circular, membranous at base ( Figs. 41 J–K). Base of ovipositor with two small sclerites on both sides of very base. Ovipositor elongate, strongly curved behind base, afterwards slightly curved dorsad; longer than hind femur; tip obtuse ( Fig. 41I ). Measurements ( 1 female ).—body w/wings: 26; body w/o wings: 23; pronotum: 3; tegmen: 19; tegmen width: 5; hind femur: 10; ovipositor: 12 mm .