Bioacoustics of Phalangopsis quartzitica

Description, male holotype . Body color : general body coloration uniformly brownish, dorsal head whitish brown ( Fig. 8 ); pronotum strong yellowish brown, with whitish discoloration spots ( Figs 8 and 10 ); abdomen brown dorsally, white and translucent ventrally; legs yellowish brown, whitish at the start of the femur ( Figs 15–18 ); cerci uniformly whitish brown. Head : slightly pubescent; elongated in front view (3.728 and 2.739 mm , length and width respectively); vertex marked with four dark vertical stripes, two starting from the eye’s region reaching the occiput, two starting from the antennas bases and reaching the occiput as two darkish spots ( Fig. 8 ); gena, clypeus and labrum whitish, mandibles brownish yellow, dark brown near to the labrum; all maxillary palpomeres slightly pubescent, first and second shorter than the others and whitish, third and fourth palpomeres presenting similar size, the fourth is slightly larger, fifth palpomere lightly longer than fourth, claviform, arched and whitish at tip ( Fig. 8 ); all labial palpomeres whitish, pubescent and increasing in size, third palpomere claviform ( Fig. 8 ); scape pubescent, yellowish brown at the base and whitish toward the pedicel, pedicel dark yellowish brown, antennomeres uniformly yellowish brown ( Figs 8 and 9 ); compound eyes black, with a small depigmented region near the scape insertion; ocelli absent ( Figs 8 and 9 ). Thorax : pronotum yellowish dark brown; anterior, medial and posterior portion with spots whitish distributed along the sagittal axis in dorsal view ( Fig. 10 ); dorsal disk broader than long, lateral lobes rounded, anterior and posterior margins sub-straight and with the presence of long bristles ( Fig. 10 ). Legs. In general, femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent; first tarsomere serrulated; femur always smaller than tibia (μ=14.748 ± 0.587 mm ; μ= 17.050 ± 0.640 mm , femur and tibia respectively, Leg III, n=4) ( Figs 15–18 ). Leg I ( Figs 15 and 16 ): tibia ventrally serrated and armed with two same-sized ventro apical spurs, tympanum absent; first tarsomere almost thrice longer than second and third together. Leg II ( Figs 15 and 16 ): tibia ventrally serrated and armed with two same-sized ventral apical spurs; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and thrice bigger than the second and third together. Leg III: femur dilated; tibia serrulated, armed with four subapical spurs on outer side ( Fig. 17 ) and three on inner side ( Fig. 18 ), three apical spurs on outer ( Fig. 17 ; a, b, c) and four on the inner side ( Fig. 18 ; d, e, f, g), the inner being the longest; first tarsomere about thrice longer than the second and third together, armed with two apical spurs ( Figs 17–18 ). Right Tegmen : pubescent, few sclerotized and underdeveloped, stridulatory file absent, poorly marked veins and with glandular thickening at the distal margin ( Fig. 11 ). Abdomen : cerci pubescent and elongated, with long bristles at the base; supra-anal plate sub-quadrangular with long bristles at distal portion, base with two small lateral projections, apex slightly rounded and base curved inside ( Figs 12 and 13 ); sub-genital plate sub-quadrangular, oval, short, base rounded, apex sub-triangular and lightly sharp ( Figs 13 and 14 ). Observations in Paratypes . Male phallic sclerites ( paratype ISLA 65737, Figs 2–6 ) Pseudepiphallus : dorsal branch well sclerotized, thin and developed, projecting for the interior of the sclerite, the apex presents a visible dilation in frontal and lateral view, ( Figs 2, 4 and 5 , Pd.db), this structure is very similar to Ps.db of Phalangopsis ferratilis n. sp. ; paramere 1 slightly cambered triangular, with a depression on lateral external face, connecting to the paramere two and A sclerite by a membranous tissue ( Figs 3–5 , Ps.P1); paramere 2 developed, shape discoidal, projecting towards the exterior of the sclerite and more developed compared to paramere 1 ( Figs 3–5 , Ps.P2); pseudepiphallic arm elongated ( Figs 2 , Ps.arm); A sclerite vestigial and fused to Ps.arm, reaching paramere 1 and visible at ventral view ( Fig. 5 , A); pseudepiphallic medium lobes developed and projected dorsally, shape sub-quadrangular elongated towards the endophallus in frontal view and globular in dorsal view ( Figs 2, 4–5 , Ps.m.1); pseudepiphallic little projected dorsally in dorsal view, covering part of the proximal region of the ectophallic apodemes ( Figs 4–5 , Ps.b). Ectophallic invagination : apodemes thin and curved dorsally, with a small break in the proximal part of the projections, followed by a inclining in dorsal and lateral view, apex little sclerotized and dilated ( Figs 2 and 4 , Ect. ap.); lateral bar well developed, elongated in all its extension, internal face slightly projecting towards the Endophallus ( Fig. 3 , Ect.lb); median projection undeveloped ( Fig. 3 , Ect.mp); upper central and lower part of ectophallic arc horizontally curved ( Fig. 3 , Ect.arc). Endophallus : endophallus partially projected dorsally in lateral view ( Fig. 6 , b, End); endophallic distal portion slightly developed in thickness ( Fig. 6 , a, End.d), with a small vertical groove ( Fig. 6 , a–c, End.d); median portion narrow ( Fig. 6 , a–c, End.mp); apodeme reduced ( Fig 6 , a–c, End.ap). Female : body size bigger than the male ( ♀ µ=19.976 ± 0.638mm , n=3); apterous; femur always smaller than tibia; supra-anal plate pubescent and rounded in distal portion, with long bristles, base curved inside with two small lateral projections ( Fig. 19 ); sub-genital plate short, lightly pubescent, V-shaped, presenting a slight indentation ( Fig. 20 ); ovipositor elongated, strong yellowish brown, sword-shaped with sharp apex (µ=11.736 ± 1.140mm , n=3) ( Figs 21–23 ). Female genitalia. Copulatory papilla triangular shaped, slightly flattened dorsoventrally ( Fig. 7 , a and b), the edges of the middle part are slightly bulged ( Fig. 7 , a and c); presents a dorsal opening of triangular shape in the proximal portion and a small rounded orifice in the distal portion ( Fig. 7 , a-c). Phalangopsis quartzitica n. sp . Phalangopsis araguaia n. sp. ♂ 65737 65738 65739 65740 Med. D.P. 65745 65746 65747 65748 65750 65751 65752 65753 65754 Med. D.P. Head width 2.825 2.985 2.753 2.739 2.826 0.113 3.119 3.647 3.345 3.113 2.842 2.981 2.609 2.361 2.571 2.954 0.406 Head length 3.920 4.075 3.663 3.728 3.847 0.187 4.263 4.980 4.855 4.364 4.070 4.075 3.891 3.322 3.586 4.156 0.539 Intraocular 1.705 1.903 1.727 1.596 1.733 0.127 1.994 2.441 2.038 1.840 1.707 1.940 1.548 1.381 1.604 1.833 0.317 Femur III 14.255 15.398 none 14.591 14.748 0.587 17.815 24.281 22.634 19.706 15.876 17.738 14.495 11.972 14.056 17.619 4.052 Tibia III 16.594 17.781 none 16.775 17.050 0.640 20.412 28.445 26.847 23.063 17.577 20.918 16.994 13.689 15.731 20.408 5.001 Body 17.420 16.135 15.522 18.430 16.877 1.303 18.394 23.404 20.472 20.122 18.356 16.861 17.130 15.396 16.489 18.514 2.471 Pronotum width 2.816 3.314 2.865 2.956 2.988 0.225 3.543 4.007 3.768 3.546 3.200 3.454 3.066 2.728 3.051 3.374 0.398 Pronotum length 2.558 2.934 2.440 2.527 2.615 0.219 2.761 3.594 3.558 3.020 2.657 2.782 2.651 2.153 2.941 2.902 0.453 Wing width 0.894 0.732 0.869 0.939 0.859 0.089 0.940 2.207 1.921 1.666 0.567 1.476 0.510 none 0.459 1.218 0.688 Wing lenght 0.866 0.855 0.646 0.996 0.841 0.145 0.918 2.019 1.805 1.923 0.885 1.814 0.890 none 0.780 1.379 0.552 Phalangopsis ferratilis n. sp. Phalangopsis kyju n. sp. Phalangopsis kysuia n. sp. ♂ 65755 65756 65757 65761 65762 65766 65767 Med. D.P. 65730 65731 65733 Med. D.P. 65725 65727 Med. D.P. Head width 3.147 3.016 2.919 3.305 3.001 2.697 2.874 2.994 0.195 3.382 3.226 3.690 3.433 0.236 3.287 2.554 2.921 0.518 Head length 4.301 4.166 4.246 4.494 4.116 4.057 3.99 4.196 0.169 4.397 4.209 4.539 4.382 0.166 4.779 3.721 4.250 0.748 Intraocular 1.901 1.738 1.732 2.03 1.825 1.772 1.691 1.813 0.118 1.929 1.739 2.470 2.046 0.379 1.997 1.493 1.745 0.356 Femur III 17.771 16.35 15.046 16.51 14.528 13.229 12.124 15.080 1.974 19.898 20.872 21.691 20.820 0.898 19.849 13.972 16.911 4.156 Tibia III 19.506 19.064 17.771 19.022 16.804 16.061 14.073 17.472 1.964 23.723 23.551 25.635 24.303 1.157 23.566 15.828 19.697 5.472 Body 17.955 21.915 18.275 19.961 17.36 14.776 14.247 17.784 2.702 18.804 19.967 19.211 19.327 0.590 21.181 19.416 20.299 1.248 Pronotum width 3.606 3.127 3.036 3.386 2.993 2.811 2.717 3.097 0.312 3.431 3.521 3.541 3.498 0.059 3.788 3.232 3.510 0.393 Pronotum length 2.94 2.587 2.666 2.631 2.118 2.51 2.387 2.548 0.254 2.799 3.084 2.774 2.886 0.172 3.348 2.369 2.859 0.692 Wing width none 0.984 0.949 1.125 0.605 0.732 0.846 0.874 0.187 1.727 1.695 1.666 1.696 0.031 absent absent absent absent Wing lenght none 1.047 0.929 0.784 0.63 0.649 0.734 0.796 0.164 1.545 1.917 1.738 1.733 0.186 absent absent absent absent Ecological Remarks : Individuals of Phalangopsis quartzitica n. sp. were found in a single quartzite cave (Andorinhas cave, Fig. 24 ) located in the “Serra das Andorinhas” region (São Geraldo do Araguaia municipality, Pará state ). However, this cave is located at the top of the mountain, differently from the caves were Phalangopsis araguaia n. sp. were observed (that are also inserted in the same mountain). The Andorinhas cave is considerably large, with around 1 km of extension ( Auler 2019 ). Specimens of Phalangopsis quartzitica n. sp. are quite common along the cave, being observed in several areas, usually in considerable densities. However, they showed an obvious preference for aphotic and moistened areas, preferring the cave walls ( Figs 28 and 29 ) as observed for the other species herein described. Specimens of Phalangopsis quartzitica n. sp. were mainly feeding on bat guano, especially from insectivorous bats. Among the predators that were observed feeding on the crickets, there are scorpions ( Tityus metuendus Pocock, 1897 , Fig. 25 ) and whip-spiders ( Heterophrynus sp., Fig. 27 ). The cave has entrances on either the side cliffs of the mountain (where occurs a typical Amazon rainforest) and the top of the mountain, which presents a savanna-like vegetation. Although the side cliffs and the top of the mountain are relatively well preserved, the landscape surrounding the mountain is strongly altered, especially by the removal of the original vegetation for agriculture. The cave receives sporadic human visitors, who seem to only go through the main conduit of the cave, thus not presenting a threat for the invertebrate community. Finally, it is important to highlight that no sampling was conducted outside caves in this study. Hence, despite the fact that specimens of P. quartzitica n. sp. were only found in one cave, they are probably not troglobitic, given the absence of any obvious troglomorphic traits. Therefore, further studies including external samplings are needed to better understand the actual distribution of this species.