Bioacoustics of Phalangopsidae

Male. No evident glandular structures on metanotum and tergites (except perhaps in Phasmagryllus Desutter- Grandcolas, n. gen., Fig. 8 F). FWs well developed and longer than the abdomen (except in Afrophaloria Desutter- Grandcolas, n. gen. and Upupagryllus subapterus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. ; unknown in Megacris ). When present, HWs most often longer than FWs. Stridulatory apparatus complete. Dorsal field venation: harp with numerous veins, either oblique, parallel and regularly distributed over the file length, or more rounded and irregularly distributed over file length; mirror large, crossed by two transverse veins, one attached to the anterior part of the mirror, and the other attached to the posterior part of the mirror, the two veins being parallel over most of their length, or not (only one vein in Phasmagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen., Fig. 9 B, and Upupagryllus alatus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. , Fig. 13 K); a wide, transverse cell running posteriorly to the mirror; diagonal vein bifurcate anteriorly (except in Phasmagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen.); chords 1 and 2 well separate from chord 3, and fused quite posteriorly (except in Phasmagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen., where chords 2 and 3 are fused posteriorly, Fig. 9 B); CuP present and reaching the first harp veins (shorter in Upupagryllus alatus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. , Fig. 13 K, and lacking in Phasmagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen., Fig. 9 B); apical field present, more or less developed, most often with several clearly marked cell alignments (but reduced in Phasmagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen., Fig. 9 B, and Upupagryllus alatus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. , Fig. 13 K). Lateral field well developed, with numerous oblique, parallel veins (except in Phasmagryllus Desutter- Grandcolas, n. gen.). Supra anal plate smooth, or with thick denticles (see Gorochov's papers). Subgenital plate well-developed, except in Afrophaloria n. gen. ; apex straight or variously bisinuate. Male genitalia. Very diverse, often hypertelic and asymmetrical. Pseudepiphallus with a particular upper part, located on the membrane connecting the phallic complex to the paraprocts and partly sclerotized as a transverse paired or impaired sclerite; rami partly invaginated, separate from the upper part of pseudepiphallus, but connected to its lower "normal" part. Pseudepiphallic parameres variable. Ectophallic apodemes well-developed; arc most often not complete (but present at least in Kameruloria p.p., Fig. 6 , and Afrophaloria Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen., Fig. 3 ). Ectophallic fold most often hypertelic (ectophallic fold simple and symmetrical in Upupagryllus Desutter- Grandcolas, n. gen. and Phasmagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen.); ventral margins often large and asymmetrical. Endophallic sclerite and apodeme, and ectophallic dorsal valves variable. Dorsal cavity lacking. Female. FWs and HWs most often well developed; lacking in apterous Afrophaloria Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen. and Upupagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen.; short and corneous in Megacris and Phasmagryllus Desutter- Grandcolas, n.gen. Subgenital plate transverse, the apex sinuate. Ovipositor apex laterally flattened and smooth (most Subtiloriini , Upupagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen.), more or less globulous ( Tremellia , Pseudotrigonidium ), or thicker with various ornementation (few big teeth, numerous small teeth, or apex small and acute with transverse crests). Female genitalia. Copulatory papilla variable.

1. TIII with less than 4 subapical spurs on one or both sides of TIII................................................ 2 - TIII with 4 pairs of subapical spurs........................................................................ 4 2. FWs short in both males and females, not covering the whole abdomen, and close to the body ( Fig. 15 A, B). Wings lacking. Male venation: harp with several concentric veins, mirror reticulated ( Figs 15 E, 16B). Female venation: Dorsal field with strong longitudinal veins ( Figs 15 F)............................................... Paragryllodes Karny, 1909 p.p. - FWs much longer than the body in both males and females, and very wide in males (except in Homoeogryllus cavicola Chopard, 1950 ). Wings most often well-developed and longer than the FWs. Male venation: Mirror distinct and well-developed....................................................................................................... 3 3. Species flattened (subcorticolous). Pronotum transverse. Maxillary palpi very short. TIII subapical spurs very short and close to TIII apex. Male stridulatory apparatus: mirror crossed by more than 5 circular, parallel veins. Male TIII: dorsal apical spur swollen, glandular. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallus elongate....................... Paragryllus Guérin-Méneville, 1844 - Species not flattened (cavicolous). Pronotum saddle-like. Maxillary palpi elongate. TIII subapical spurs long and more widely distributed over TIII length. Male stridulatory apparatus: mirror crossed by 2 transverse veins. Male TIII: dorsal apical spur not swollen. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallus short and transverse (unknown in Hirpinus )..................................................................................... Homoeogryllus Guérin-Méneville, 1847 , Hirpinus Stål, 1855 4. Fastigium below the level of the vertex, from which it is separated by a transverse furrow ( Fig. 15 B)................................................................................................ Paragryllodes Karny, 1909 p.p. - Fastigium at the same level as the vertex; no transverse furrow.................................................. 5 5. Clypeus bulging....................................................................................... 6 - Clypeus straight....................................................................................... 8 6. Both male and female apterous...................................................... Gryllomorpha Fieber, 1853 - Female apterous, but male with narrow FWs, not reaching abdomen midlength and almost without a lateral field; venation made of few, strong longitudinal veins.................................................................... 7 7. Male: subgenital plate long, high and split apically; supra-anal plate glandular (characters also found in Gryllomorpha ).................................................................................... Hymenoptila Chopard, 1943 - Male: subgenital plate high, but short and truncate apically; metanotum and supra anal plate glandular.................................................................................................... Petaloptila Pantel, 1890 8. Males and females apterous (female unknown in Zaora Walker, 1869 ). TI without a tympanum on both inner and outer sides..................................................................................................... 9 - Males and females variously winged, FWs always present at least in males (even if very reduced as in Upupagryllus subapterus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. ). Tympanal condition variable.............................................. 10 9. Fastigium very wide, much wider than the scape (Fig. 18B). Head rounded. Eyes small and flat, regressed. FIII with an apical filiform part (Fig. 18C).................................................................. Zaora Walker, 1869 - Fastigium distinctly more narrow ( Fig. 1 B), about as wide as the scape. Head vertical, not rounded dorsally. Eyes small, but not regressed. FIII without an apical filiform part ( Fig. 1 G)................... Afrophaloria Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen. 10. Fastigium very narrow, much longer than wide.............................................................. 11 - Fastigium wider, not very narrow even when longer than wide, rounded......................................... 12 11. Male FWs rounded, with an acute "spine" on outer margin.......................... Stalacris Desutter-Grandcolas, 2012 - Male FWs long and narrow, without acute spines...................................... Phaeophilacris Walker, 1870 12. Species with long FWs and HWs, the HWs longer than the FWs, both covering or going beyong the abdomen........... 14 - Species with shorter wings, the FWs not covering the whole abdomen (very reduced in Upupagryllus subapterus Desutter- Grandcolas, n. sp.).................................................................................... 13 13. Species stout, with short and thick legs ( Fig. 12 A, B). Maxillary palpi short, last joint truncated amost apically ( Fig. 13 A, J). Male FWs very reduced, flap-like ( Upupagryllus subapterus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. ), or well developed and wide over the body ( Upupagryllus alatus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. ); in this last case, stridulum complete with a mirror distinctly wide and flat ( Fig. 13 K). Male genitalia symmetrical, with two thick and elongate pseudepiphallic distal lobes ( Fig. 14 ). Female apterous ( Fig. 12 B). Female copulatory papilla sclerotized, short and cylindrical, with or without a pair of membranous distal lobes ( Fig. 13 )........................................................... Upupagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen. - Small, but elongate species, with very thin legs ( Figs 8 A, 11A). Last joint of maxillary palpi elongate and deeply curved dorsally ( Fig. 9 A). Male FWs narrow; stridulum complete with a mirror almost as long as wide ( Figs 8 E, 9B). Male genitalia asymmetrical, with a long pseudepiphallic lobe extending far beyond subgenital plate distal margin ( Figs 8 I, 10). Females with narrow FWs ( Fig. 10 ). Female copulatory papilla very long, membranous and plicated ( Fig. 9 J)......................................................................................... Phasmagryllus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen. 14. TIII serrulation strong and distributed along the whole TIII length, above and between the subapical spurs. Distal margin of pronotum DD strongly sinuated. Species brown to dark brown, with uniformly dark brown legs. Species known from Madagascar only................................................................... Prosecogryllus Brancsik, 1892 - TIII serrulation very sparse, present above subapical spurs, but lacking or very few between the subapical spurs. Distal margin of pronotum DD slightly sinuate. Species coloration variegated brown and yellowish, with ringed legs. Species distributed in continental Africa (one species from the Seychelles )......................................................... 15 15. TIII: inner subapical spurs longer and longer toward tibia apex, the lower spur more than twice as long as the spur 4, and nearly as long as inner dorsal apical spur. Tympana present, and TI widely and asymetrically swelled at tympanum level. Male supra anal plate with thick spines ( Subtiloria Gorochov, 1999 , some Schizotrypus Chopard, 1954 : see Gorochov, 2003 )........ 16 - TIII: inner subapical spurs more equal in length; lower subapical spur much shorter than inner dorsal apical spur. Tympana not as developed. Male supra anal plate without thick spines................................ Kameruloria Gorochov, 2003 16. Posterior margin of male subgenital plate rounded (see Gorochov 2003 )..................... Heterotrypus Saussure, 1878 - Posterior margin of male subgenital plate more or less deeply indented........................................... 17 17. Male subgenital plate wide apically (see Gorochov 2003 )................................. Subtiloria Gorochov, 1999 - Male subgenital plate narrower and deeply notched apically (see Gorochov 2003 )............. Schizotrypus Chopard, 1954

1 Hind tibiae with four inner and four outer subapical spurs ......................................................................... 2 — Hind tibiae with less than four subapical spurs on at least one side ............................................................ 27 2. Ventral inner apical spur on hind tibiae regressed. Maxillary palpi article 5 only slightly widened toward apex and truncated straight at apex. Forewings never coriaceous .......................................................................... 3 — Ventral inner apical spur on hind tibiae not regressed, longer than ventral outer apical spur. Maxillary palpi article 5 more or less largely widened at apex, truncated obliquely. Forewings often coriaceous ................. 10 3. Male forewings covering more than half of abdomen. Female forewings well-developed, often reaching first abdominal tergite posterior margin; venation with strong parallel longitudinal veins ...................................... ............................................................................................. Aclodes Hebard, 1928 b ................................... 4 — Male forewings covering less than one third of abdomen. Female forewings barely visible, much smaller than metanotum; venation missing or weak ........... Paraclodes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a n. stat. ..................... 5 4. Size large (hind femora> 14 mm in males and females, ovipositor> 10.4 mm ). Male stridulatory file with 385- 459 teeth .................................................................................... Aclodes spelaea Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 a . — Size small (hind femora < 9.3 mm in males and females, ovipositor < 9 mm ). Male stridulatory file with about 300 teeth ................................................................................ Aclodes pequegna Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 a . 5. Forewings present and with a functional stridulum in males, lacking in females .......................................... 6 — Males and females apterous, or with very short forewings, devoid of a stridulum in males ........................... 7 6. Face with two light yellow flecks surrounded by four small yellow spots arranged in a rectangle. Male: forewing lateral field with three parallel longitudinal veins; stridulatory file: 60-80 teeth ( 118 in Mataraka specimen). Ovipositor> 15.5 mm . Very abundant species in French Guiana ................................................................... ............................................................................... Paraclodes guyanensis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 a n. stat. — Face with a large yellow band under each antennal pit. Male: forewing lateral field with two parallel longitudinal veins; stridulatory file: 140-160 teeth. Ovipositor < 14.5 mm . Distribution more limited (Arataye) ............... ................................................................................. Paraclodes nouragui Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 a n. stat. 7. Size small (hind femora < 17mm in males and females, ovipositor < 15 mm ). Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite very narrow, apical lobes long and wide, twisted ( Fig. 25D, E ). Female copulatory papilla low in lateral view, with rounded lateral margins, wider apically than basally, with protruding distal margin; dorsal aperture narrowing distally ( Fig. 23 G-I) .............................................. Paraclodes cunicula Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. — Size large (hind femora> 17mm in males and females, ovipositor> 20 mm , except in Paraclodes sp.) .......... 8 8. Female copulatory papilla short; apex rounded and very high in lateral view, compressed laterally; dorsal aperture wide and short ( Fig. 23 J-L) ....................................................................................................... Paraclodes sp. — Female copulatory papilla elongate, apex not laterally compressed ............................................................... 9 9. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic apical lobes long and widely divergent ( Fig. 21D, E ). Female copulatory papilla narrower distally than basally; dorsal aperture small, closed distally; apex regularly narrowed in lateral view ( Fig. 23 A-C) ........................................................................... Paraclodes furcata Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. — Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic apical lobes shorter, less and regularly divergent (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992b, figure 40). Female copulatory papilla wider distally than basally; dorsal aperture wide and equal over its whole length; apex not regularly narrowed in lateral view ( Fig. 23 D-F) .... Paraclodes subaptera Gorochov, 2007 n. stat. 10. Size small to medium. Legs not particularly elongate compared to the body. Hind femora thick, without a filiform apical part. Palpi and tarsi not elongate. Forewings variable in males and females ............................... 11 — Size medium to very large; legs greatly elongated relative to the body. Hind femora thinner, with a long filiform apical part. Palpi and tarsi very long and thin. Forewings always missing in female (females unknown in Mellomima Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen. ), variably regressed in male .............................................................. 23 11. Small species with soft and thin forewings ................................................................................................. 12 — Larger species with coriaceous forewings ................................................................................................... 16 12. Pronotum rounded, not transverse. Fore tibiae with inner tympanum, no outer tympanum. Male forewings short and very wide (ratio mean W / mean L =.77); venation as on Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a, figure 37 (note the mirror and lateral field) ................................................... Lernecella minuta Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Pronotum variably, but always wider than long. Fore tibiae with inner and outer tympana. Male FW more elongated and narrower (ratio =.55); venation as on Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a, figure 32 (note the mirror, apical field and lateral field) ........................ Lerneca Walker, 1869 ........................................................... 13 13. Small, very dark species with black brown legs and contrastingly tricolor antennae (black, yellow, white); palpi brown with black article 5 in males and females. Female fore wings longer than pronotum and partly overlapping, but shorter than abdomen ................................................ Lerneca ornata Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Species of bigger size and lighter coloration, with clearly annulated legs. Antennae uniform in coloration, with lighter base; palpi light brown with articles 4 and 5 lighter or even whitish in females. Female fore wings either longer than abdomen, or shorter than pronotum or lacking ...................................................................... 14 14. Head distinctively small and narrow (iod <1.3). Body and legs lightly colored; antennae yellowish. Male fore wing: PCu straight accross the whole fore wing ( Fig. 14B, C ); stridulatory file with more than 170 teeth. Female fore wing longer than abdomen and fully overlapping ..................... Lerneca inalata inalata ( Saussure, 1874 ) . — Head wider (iod> 1.5). Body and legs darkly colored; antennae brown to black with lighter base. Male fore wing: PCu sinuate ( Fig. 14A ); stridulatory file with about 40 teeth. Female fore wing pad like, shorter than pronotum length and largely separated, or lacking .................................................................................... 15 15. Sternites light brown-yellow. Male genitalia with C-sclerite simple ( Fig. 15D ). Size smaller (FW length ≤ 9 mm , FW width < 5 mm ) ................................................................................ Lerneca fuscipennis ( Saussure, 1874 ) . — Sternites brown with 2 yellow longitudinal stripes on lateral edges. Male genitalia with C-sclerite bifurcated laterally ( Fig. 15 A-C). Size bigger (FW length ≥ 9.2 mm , FW width ≥ 5 mm ) ...... Lerneca mitarakensis n. sp. 16. Venation of stridulatory apparatus clear on right, coriaceus forewing. Head and pronotum dorsal parts yellowish or whitish ..................................... Luzarida Hebard, 1928 a .................................................................... 17 — Venation of stridulatory apparatus obsolete on right coriaceous forewing, even in acoustic species. Head and pronotum dorsal parts with 2 lateral yellow stripes, extended on forewings ............................................... 18 17. Size: femora III ≤ 17.6 mm in male and in female; median length of pronotum ≤ 3.8 mm in male, = 4.4 mm in female ................................................................................. Luzarida guyana Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Size: femora III ≥ 18 mm in male,> 20.4 mm in female; median length of pronotum> 4 mm in male,> 4.5 mm in female ................................................................................ Luzarida grandis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . 18. Forewings regressed and almost without venation on dorsal field, barely overlapping in males, not overlapping in females. Males without a functional stridulatory apparatus. Male and female genitalia as on Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a, figures 20-24 ........................................................ Acantoluzarida nigra Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Forewings overlapping in males and females. Males with a functional stridulatory apparatus, even when venation is hardly visible. Male and female genitalia as on Figs 7 D-G, 11E-G or Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a, figures 12- 18 .................................... Luzaridella Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a ........................................................ 19 19. Size small (FW length < 5 mm in males, ≤ 3.1 mm in females). Male forewings narrow, almost not widened apically. Male genitalia compact; arms very short; A-sclerite very short without a protruding spine ( Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a , figures 17, 18, and Fig. 11 E-G). Female copulatory papilla short and fully sclerotized, its apex truncated ........................................................................................................................................... 20 — Size larger (FW length> 5 mm in males, ≥ 3.1 mm in females). Male forewings clearly widened toward apex. Male genitalia with well-developed arms; A-sclerite with a long, protruding apical spine. Female copulatory papilla longer and narrower (except in L. miniata n. sp. , see Fig. 9 C-E) ..................................................... 21 20. Small, very lightly colored species (female ovipositor < 8.6 mm ). Female copulatory papilla with straight apical margin (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a, figure 10) ....................... Luzaridella clara Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a . — Larger species (female ovipositor> 13 mm ), with darker general coloration. Female copulatory papilla with sinuate apical margin ( Fig. 9 F-H) ......................................................................... Luzaridella maculata n. sp. 21. Darkly colored species, with dark brown head, pronotum, FWs and abdomen, contrasting with light brown, not clearly annulated legs. Male FWs reaching tergite 5, only slightly widened toward apex. Male genitalia: Asclerite apical spine straight (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a figures 12-14). Female ovipositor < 10.5 mm ......... ............................................................................................ Luzaridella obscura Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — More lightly colored species. Male FWs longer, reaching tergite 7 or 8, clearly widened toward apex. Male genitalia: A-sclerite apical spine well-curved (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a figures 15-16, and Fig. 7 D-G). Female ovipositor> 11.5 mm ................................................................................................................................ 22 22. Very lightly colored species with contrastingly annulated legs. Size smaller, female ovipositor ≤ 13 mm . Female copulatory papilla rounded (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a, figure 9) ................................................................ ......................................................................................... Luzaridella annulata Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Darker species; legs annulated, but not so contrastingly. Size larger, female ovipositor> 14mm . Female copulatory papilla as on Fig. 9 C-E .................................................................................... Luzaridella miniata n. sp. 23. Both inner and outer tympana present. Forewings nearly fully overlapping, coriaceous and rounded laterally in males (females unknown). Body cylindrical; uniformly shining yellowish brown, with a yellow band running from labrum to pronotum distal margin, through the face and head dorsum ................................................. ............................................................................. Mellomima guyanensis Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen., n. sp. — Both tympana lacking, or inner tympanum only present. Forewings reduced to two small flap-like lobes, or longer but not coriaceous. Body shape and coloration different, without a yellow longitudinal band on head dorsum and pronotum; cuticle not shining ............................................................................................... 24 24. Medium to large size species. Metanotum and tergite I not particularly developed compared to tergites 2-9; tergites not glandular in males ........................... Phalangopsis Serville, 1831 ............................................ 25 — Smaller species. Metanotum and tergite I three to four times longer than tergites 2-9, which appear compressed. Tergites glandular or not in males .............................................................................................................. 26 25. Species brown, with whitish rings near tibia apex. Hindtibiae inner apical spurs: median spur longer than dorsal spur. Male genitalia with well-developed C-sclerite, elongate and acute (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a, figures 43, 44). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla entirely sclerotized, long and rounded laterally (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a, figure 45) ..................................................................................... Phalangopsis longipes Serville, 1831 . — Species uniformly light yellowish brown, even the legs. Hind tibiae inner apical spurs: median spur shorter than dorsal spur. Male genitalia: C-sclerite short, broad and rounded at apex (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a, figures 46, 47). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla small, not sclerotized basally, triangular (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a, figure 48) ........................................................ Phalangopsis flavilongipes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . 26. Hind tibiae with sparse serrulation. Inner tympanum absent. Fore wings reduced to two small lobes in males, lacking in females. Tergites not glandular in males. Male genitalia as on Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a figures 50- 52. Female copulatory papilla long and narrow, curved, membranous basally (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a, figure 53) ........................................................................... Philippopsis guianae Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Hind tibiae serrulated. A small inner tympanum present. Fore wings short, not coriaceous, rounded distally in males, lacking in females. Tergites glandular in males. Male genitalia as on Figure 4 F-H. Female copulatory papilla small, triangular with acute apex and wholly sclerotized ( Fig. 5E, F ) ................................................... ....................................................................................... Aracopsis hugeli Desutter-Grandcolas , n. gen., n. sp. 27. Hind tibiae with four outer and three inner subapical spurs, not particulary close to tibia apex. Wings always regressed ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 — Hind tibiae with three outer and three (or less) inner subapical spurs, close to tibia apex. Wings always presents, truncated at apex, exceeding forewings ...................................................................................................... 34 28. Very small species, apterous or with regressed forewings. Fastigium very wide ................................................ ................................................. Unithema Desutter-Grandcolas, 1991 .................................................... 29 — Larger species, forewings size variable but well developed (male with stridulatory apparatus). Fastigium narrow ............................................................................................................................................................ 31 29. Very contrasted colorotion, with black palpi, pronotum, cerci, and abdomen; scapes with black and ivory bands; antennae black with spaced yellow articles on flagellum ............................................................ Unithema sp. — Coloration not as contrasted ..................................................................................................................... 30 30. Posterior margin of metanotum bordered with yellow, this band wider in females than in males. Cerci with a white ring at base smaller than supra anal plate. General coloration brown; face with large yellow spots. Size: hind femora> 7.2 mm in females,> 6.6 mm in males, ovipositor lenght 5 mm ............................................. ....................................................................................................... Unithema xanthochosmea Desutter, 1991 . — Posterior margin of metanotum discontinuously yellow in females (male unknown). White ring at cerci base slightly longer than supra anal plate. Coloration brown almost black, bright; face black, bright, with 6 small light yellow spots. Size: hind femora < 6.9 mm , ovipositor < 4.7 mm .......... Unithema hypomelaena Desutter, 1991 . 31. Fore tibiae with only one tympanum, on inner side. Hind basitarsomeres with a single row of spines. Forewings reduced in male, not exceeding tergite 3; venation not complete. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite elongated, with a median process; dorsal valves not hypertelic. Female copulatory papilla hoof-shaped copulatory papilla, surrounding the base of spermathecal duct ............. Kevanacla orientalis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Fore tibiae with only one tympanum, on outer side. Hind basitarsomeres with two rows of spines (inner reduced to a few spines). Male forewings covering at least tergite 7; venation complete. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite regressed, without a median process; dorsal valves more or less hypertelic. Female copulatory papilla with a ventral sclerite, not surrounding the base of spermathecal duct .......... Ectecous Saussure, 1878 ...... 32 32. Face almost entirely black. Male fore wings wide; mirror elliptical in shape, anterior angle barely marked. Male genitalia: ectophallic fold extremely long. Female: ovipositor shorter than hind femora .................................. ..................................................................................................................... Ectecous cantans Saussure, 1897 . — Face with a wide, Y-shaped longitudinal yellow band. Male fore wings not as wide; mirror more triangular. Male genitalia: ectophallic fold much shorter. Female: ovipositor longer than find femora (unknown in Ectecous lamelliferus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. ) .................................................................................................... 33 33. Male genitalia: dorsal valves more or less cylindrical and acute (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a figures 59-61). FW length/width ratio 1.53, n = 6. Number of stridulatory teeth: 259-264, mean 262, n = 6 ................................ ............................................................................................. Ectecous tenebrosus Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Male genitalia: dorsal valves wide and vertical with spiny margins ( Fig. 27 F-H). FW length/width ratio 1.42, n = 3. Number of stridulatory teeth: 232, n = 1 ..................... Ectecous lamelliferus Desutter-Grandcolas , n. sp. 34. Hind tibiae with three outer and one inner subapical spurs. Species flattened in shape (head wider than high in front view, pronotum lateral lobes very short). Forewings not exceeding or slightly exceeding abdominal tip. Fastigium wide. Median ocellus subapical on fastigium ............................................................................. 35 — Hind tibiae with three outer and two or three inner (sometimes only one in Rumea Desutter, 1988 , in which the second inner spur can be regressed or even disappear) subapical spurs. Species not so flattened (head longer than wide in front view, pronotum lateral lobes longer). Forewings exceeding abdominal tip in males and females. Fastigium narrower. Median ocellus nearly apical ............................................................................ 37 35. Tibiae very short, hind tibiae thick. Female genitalia: copulatory papilla sclerotized, cone-shaped, more or less elongated at apex (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a, figure 77). Male genitalia as in Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a figures 74-76 ...................................................................................... Benoistella guyanensis (Chopard, 1920) — Tibiae more elongated, not or little thickened. Female genitalia: copulatory papilla barely sclerotized, long, plicated over its whole length (fig. 81-82). Male unknown ...... Silvastella Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a .... 36 36. Size large (hind femora> 11 mm ; ovipositor> 14 mm ). Head lightly colored with many dark transversal stripes on face and vertex .............................................................. Silvastella grahamae Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Size smaller (hind femora < 9 mm ; ovipositor < 8 mm ). Face brown-black; vertex with two brown-black transversal stripes at level of ocelli .......................................... Silvastella fuscofasciata Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . 37. Hind basitarsomeres with a single row of spines. Hind tibiae with three inner subapical spurs. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres not regressed; ectophallic fold simple, membranous, its apex visible dorsally between pseudepiphallic parameres. Female forewings: transversal veins as marked as longitudinal veins. .............................................................................................. Paragryllus elapsus Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992a . — Hind basitarsomeres with 2 rows of spines. Hind tibiae with two inner subapical spurs (sometimes only one). Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres regressed; ectophallic fold hypertelic, sclerotized. Female forewings: longitudinal veins stronger than transversal veins ................ Rumea Desutter, 1988 ................. 38 38. Size large (hind femora about 15 mm ; male forewings> 15 mm , stridulatory file with approximately 280 teeth). Male genitalia as in Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a, figures 83-84 ... Rumea guyanensis Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a — Size smaller (hind femora < 11.5 mm ; male forewings < 11 mm , stridulatory file with approximately 110-130 teeth). Male genitalia as in Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a, figures 85-86 ............................................................ ...................................................................................................... Rumea micra Desutter-Grandcolas 1992a .