Bioacoustics of Paragryllodes

Diagnosis. See Kaltenbach (1982) and Desutter-Grandcolas (1999) . This genus is characterized by its general shape and short FWs, dark uniform coloration and more or less shiny apparence ( Fig. 15 ). TIII with four outer and three / four inner subapical spurs. Male. FWs thick and more or less corneous; stridulatory apparatus complete, but hardly visible and partly reticulate ( Fig. 16 B). Male genitalia characterized by very long, thin and acute ectophallic dorsal valves, extending well beyond the phallic complexe; pseudepiphallus often densely covered with strong setae ( Fig. 17 ). Female. FWs present, short, partly overlapping or not; venation weak, with longitudinal parallel veins ( Fig. 15 F). Subgenital plate transverse, the apex bisinuate. Ovipositor with smooth apex. Female genitalia: copulatory papilla triangular, and more or less elongate ( Fig. 16 O–N). Phylogenetic relationships. In Chintauan-Marquier et al. 's (2013 , 2015 ) molecular phylogeny, Paragryllodes is the sister group of a wide clade including present-day Paragryllinae , ( Caltathra Otte, 1987 — Protathra Desutter- Grandcolas, 1997), Brevizacla Gorochov, 2003 and Mikluchomaklaia Gorochov, 1986 ; the whole clade is the sister group of the neotropical Aclodae group ( Aclodes Hebard, 1928 , Paraclodes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 and Uvaroviella Chopard, 1923 , see Desutter-Grandcolas 1992 ). While this topology has to be confirmed with additional data, the position of Paragryllodes within this clade seems well-supported.