Bioacoustics of Okanagana noveboracensis

Rationale for synonymy: O. noveboracensis is a color pattern variant ( Fig. 10 ) that is not genetically differentiated ( Figs. 4–5 , 7 ), not geographically localized ( Fig. 11 ), and not bioacoustically distinct ( Table 3 ) from O. canadensis . Phylogenetically, O. noveboracensis nests within O. canadensis with no detected genetic distance ( COI uncorrected genetic distance 0.00%; Supp. Table 2 ; Fig. 5 ). Type O. noveboracensis represent a localized population in northeastern North America that is peripatric ( Fig. 11 ) to O. canadensis ( Sanborn & Phillips 2013 ) that have the typical color pattern ( Fig. 10A ). At the opposite extreme of the range in southwestern USA , a pair of specimens obtained from R.L. Sanders north of the New Mexico border share the O. noveboracensis color pattern ( Fig. 11 inset below right) but are genetically O. canadensis (JAC unpublished data). An O. rimosa -like species was previously mentioned from the Rocky Mountains ( Kondratieff et al. 2002 ) that may also refer to this form of O. canadensis given the superficial similarities between O. rimosa and O. noveboracensis ( Sanborn 2009 ) . Bioacoustically, there are no known instances of peripatric species of Okanagana that share the same calling song ( Chatfield-Taylor & Cole 2019 ; unpublished data), yet the calls of O. canadensis and O. noveboracensis are almost identical in syllable rate and overlap in dominant frequency ( Table 3 ). Based on the combined evidence we make O. canadensis a new junior subjective synonym of O. noveboracensis . Species Peak Frequency (kHz, ± SD) Syllable Rate (s −1, ± SD) n Number of Localities O. canadensis 9.59 ± 0.64 24.9 ± 1.5 15 7 O. noveboracensis 9.70 ± 0.45 26.3 ± 0.9 13 1 *We are preparing an application to the ICZN, with Joel Kits at the Canadian National Insect Collection, under article 23.9.3 of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature to reverse the precedence of O. canadensis ( Provancher, 1889 ) over O. noveboracensis ( Emmons, 1854 ) , and recommend maintaining the prevailing combination of O. canadensis until the Commission has ruled.