Bioacoustics of Nesonotus vulneratus

Description. Head. Figs.1 , 2. Antennae about twice as long as length of body, scape with a minute bulge, not a spine. Head wide, slightly wider than pronotum. Face carina lateralis interna well distinct and marked in the basal half of the frons; forming a basal bulge. Face carina lateralis externa well distinct and marked from below the eyes to the mandibles. Cuticle of head smooth, not wrinkled. Fastrigium of vertex: from above with basal bulges harboring lateral ocelli separated by a furrow, apex pointing, reaching the scrobae. Space between eyes about 1.7 times as wide as the wider diameter of eye. Eyes ovoid. Thorax. Fig 2. Pronotum with numerous tubercles in the prozone and mesozone; metazone less densely tuberculated; lateral lobes without distinct tubercles; anterior transversal sulcus shallow, distinct in the discus only; posterior transversal sulcus deep, well distinct in the discus and the lateral lobes; short deep sagittal sulcus crossing the posterior transversal sulcus in the middle; pro- and mesozone of the discus with indistinct sagittal carina; discus anterior margin convex, with an indistinct median bulge; posterior margin of the discus with a shallow median concavity; lateral lobe posteriorly well developed and strongly rimmed. Thoracic auditory opening ovoid, well distinct. Prosternum with spines of medium length. Legs. Fore coxae dorsally with anteriorly directed long spine. F1: rounded dorsally; with distinct ventral carinae; inner (anterior) carina with 4 spines; outer (posterior) carina non armed. F2 rounded dorsally; with distinct ventral carinae; outer (anterior) carina with 3–4 spines (usually 4); inner (posterior) carina not armed. F3 with 7–11 spines in the ventral carina. All genicular lobes non armed (rarely with an indistinct tubercle). T1 (Fig. 3) squared in cross section, with well distinct carinae; tibia not enlarged after the tympanal area (side view, fig 3); tympanal organ orifices equal, opened dorsally; inner (anterior) dorsal carina with 4–5 blunt spines; outer (posterior) dorsal carina with 3–5 blunt spines; inner (anterior) ventral carina with 6–7 subapical spurs; outer (posterior) ventral carina with 4–6 subapical spurs. T2 usually with 6 subapical spurs on both ventral carinae. T3 squared in cross section; with 4– 5 inner (posterior) ventral subapical spurs; with 7–8 outer (anterior) ventral subapical spurs; with 8–11 inner (posterior) dorsal subapical spines; with 6–7 outer (anterior) dorsal subapical spines. Wings. Well developed; exceeding distinctly the abdomen and hind knees. FW: middle of large cells filled with fine veinlet nets. Abdomen: dorsal surface of tergites not modified. Male . Wings. Figs. 4–6. Left FW mirror opaque, without nets of veinlets; about 1.4 times as high (maximal height) as wide (maximal width). File with ca. 170 lamellar teeth (Fig. 6). Terminalia. Figs. 7–9. Subgenital plate symmetrical, with weakly converging lateral sides; without posterior emargination; with distinct long styli. Cerci long, projecting interiorly and ventrally, with a small dorsal callosity in the inflection point. Female . Terminalia. Figs. 10–11. Ovipositor almost strait; regularly narrowing toward apex. Subgenital plate strongly modified; wider than long, with pointing lateral lobes, with a distinct U-shaped notch separating semi-circular distal lobes. Lateral sclerites ovoid, slightly concave. Color. Similar in male and female. Light brown; head without black pattern except mandibles and labrum distally ( Fig. 1 ). Apex of spines black, particularly in T1. T1 darkened. Pro discus with parasagittal black pattern (Fig. 2); FW veins and veinlets light brown, cells darkened, particularly large cells without veinlets. HW: slightly infumated. Male anal field darkened. Ovipositor apex darkened. Body Head Pronotum Tibia Femora FW O I II III I II III III L L W L W H L L L L L L W L L H ♂ Holotype 52.3 6.4 9.3 9.7 9.0 5.9 15.2 16.2 28.8 15.3 15.0 29.0 6.0 48.6 ♀ Allotype 58.1 8.2 11.5 12.0 10.7 7.0 16.8 20.8 36.1 18.0 18.3 33.5 6.2 51.3 26.4 3.5 ♂ average (n=4) 52.5 6.4 9.5 9.8 9.2 5.8 15.4 16.8 29.0 15.4 15.5 29.0 5.6 46.3 ♂ min 47.0 5.9 9.3 9.5 8.8 5.6 15.2 16.2 28.7 15.2 15.0 28.1 5.0 44.6 ♂ max 60.4 7.0 9.7 10.2 9.6 6.0 15.5 17.6 29.3 15.7 16.2 29.6 6.0 48.6 ♀ average (n=4) 59.7 7.7 11.5 11.7 11.0 7.6 18.3 20.4 35.7 18.3 18.5 34.2 6.5 55.6 26.2 3.6 ♀ min 55.5 7.2 11.1 11.5 10.7 7.0 16.8 19.6 35.0 17.9 18.3 33.5 6.2 51.3 26.0 3.4 ♀ max 63.9 8.2 11.7 12.0 11.1 8.0 19.2 20.8 36.5 18.8 18.9 36.2 7.0 59.2 26.4 3.8 Bioacoustics. Fig. 12–15 . Nesonotus vulneratus Hugel , n. sp. sings by night hours, staying in the highest branches of the undergrowth and probably the canopy as well. The call consists of long (> 1 min) irregular repetitions of simple syllables. At 25°C, syllables are repeated at the rate of 2.65±0.06 syllable/s (syllable duration: 18.8±5.5 ms; inter-syllable interval: 375.7±9.7 ms). Syllables are made of 5.9±0.1 distinct trains of waves. The frequency peaks between 14–16 kHz. This species produces sometimes tremulations while singing. Unlike Nesonotus reticulatus , Nesonotus vulneratus Hugel , n. sp. does not tremulate on a regular basis (Stumpner et al. , in press).