Bioacoustics of Monochorhynchus

Description HEAD AND THORAX . Head including eyes somewhat narrower than pronotum, conjunction of vertex and frons angular and not protruding in profile. Vertex nearly trapezoidal, width of base greater than length, about twice that of apex, anterior margin distinctly carinate and slightly convex medially, and posterior margin roundly emarginate, basal area depressed, rising to apex. Frons narrow, with lateral marginal carinae widened and slightly separated by fine median sulcus in basal half, but thin and begin to abruptly diverge distad at same level as anterior apical angles of eyes. Clypeus triangular, longer than frons, with two longitudinal lateral carinae and stouter median one. Rostrum robust and elongate, extending beyond coxae of hind legs, with apical segment short and greatly enlarged at apex, forming sucker-like pad. Eyes reniform, with ventral margins obviously concave inwards, anteroventral angle protruding to near middle of frons; ocelli present. Antenna about half length of frons, pedicel cylindrical and truncated apically, with dense sensilla, flagellum terminal. Pronotum extremely short at middle, anterior margin obtusely convex, and posterior margin deeply concave, lateral parts expand to patagium-like, with dense tubercles. Mesonotum developed and diamond-shaped, with longitudinal median carina and two lateral ones, disc raised, often with tubercles along carinae, scutellum nearly trapezoidal. Tegmina elongate, about 3.5– 3.7 × as long as widest portion, narrowest basally and widest centrally, then slightly constricted distad, posterior margin arched, costal margin relatively straight with sensory pits in basal half, jugal margin slightly protruding, apical margin slightly emarginate. Costal veinlets ( hm ) connecting ScP+R (1) and ScP+RA (4) to costal margin; ScP+RA separating from RP before basal third of tegmina and slightly distad of CuA forking; RA 2 with two terminal branches; RP with four terminal branches, RP 1 sinuate; MP with nine terminal branches, MP 3+4 forked in single MP 3 and MP 4, MP 2 single, MP 1b two-branched, MP 1a four-branched, six veinlets connect every two branches of MP from MP 3 to MP 1aaa (not including between branches of MP 1b ); CuA forked before first m-cu , CuA 1 and CuA 2 fused near apex to form a common stem and extending to posterior margin, C5 present; Pcu connected with A 1 at basal third of clavus; clavus open, narrow, and elongate, expanded apically. Tegminal markings scattered and veins mottled. Wings slightly shorter than half of tegmina and narrowly round at apex, with anterior margin slightly convex at middle; ScP+RA separating from RP before middle, MP with two branches, CuA with two branches, CuP, Pcu, and A 1 relatively short and straight, stridulatory plate present with convex outer margin. Metatibiotarsal formula: 5-(7–8)-6. MALE GENITALIA . Anal tube nearly triangular or trapezoidal in dorsal view, with lateral margins gradually converging distad, anal stylus located about middle, epiproct subrectangular, paraprocts elongate and cylindrical, extending to or beyond apex of anal tube, with few setae at apex; in lateral view, more than apical half part inclined ventrad, with slight dorsal process before turning point. Pygofer with laterodorsal angles round and not protruding, medioventral process present. Gonostylus short and broad, posterior part subquadrate, apex wider than base, dorsal margin thinly membranous, with auricular process at subapical part, dorsal apical angle acute and upcurved, apical margin medially protruding inwards; anterior part of gonostylus as long as posterior part, slender and clavate. Phallic complex broad and very complex, with various processes. FEMALE GENITALIA . One of highly reduced types of subtribe Lyddina Emeljanov, 1995 . Anal tube (AT) highly modified into anal ring terminating in two styliform processes, dorsal epiproct, and ventral paraprocts clavate and extending caudad. Pygofer (segment VIII) annular, developed, and wellsclerotized, prominently expanded ventrally, with two spiracles (Sp) adjacent to anterolateral angles, surrounded by sclerotized plates. Medioventral plate (mvP) of segment VIII present. Intermedia plates (imP) paired and located dorsally to mvP. Anteroventral lip under oviporus following imP. Intergonocoxal plate IX (iGxP) more or less membranous. Gonocoxa IX developed. Gonoplac (Gp) laminated and C-shaped. Impaired mediodorsal sclerotized plate (mdP) connected ventrally to tergite IX.