Bioacoustics of Miogryllus itaquiensis

Calling song A mix-trill that varies between two phrases. The first phrase, consisting of a series of short syllables in sequence, lasts 0.108 ± 0.006 ( 0.104 –0.122 ) seconds, with each phrase lasting 7.16 ± 0.4 (7–8) seconds, and intervals between phrases of 0.057 ± 0.004 ( 0.052 –0.064 ) seconds. The second phrase comprises a trill. Each syllable lasts 0.008 ± 0.0002 ( 0.0079 – 0.0085 ) seconds, with intervals of 0.006 ± 0.0001 ( 0.0067 –0.0071 ) seconds. Altogether, the second part presents 68.3 ± 0.57 (68–69) syllables per second. The peak frequency is 6.48 ± 0.12 ( 6.313 –6.575 ) kHz. Courtship song A mix-trill. Phrases last 0.06 ± 0.006 (0.06–0.074) seconds, with 5.2 ± 0.44 (5–6) syllables. Overall, the interval between phrases is 0.02 ± 0.003 ( 0.021 –0.029 ) seconds, with a peak frequency of 6 ± 0.081 ( 5.935 –6.140 ) kHz.

Description, Holotype ³ (Code MW02, Figs 1 , 3–11 ). Body black in dorsal, and whitish ventrally. Head: black, bright and glabrous, whitish spot contouring posteriorly the scape and following the inner margin of the eyes, becoming punctuated in brown, with a white strip before reaching occiput; black eyes outlined in white; three well developed ocelli arranged in line, with median ocellus slightly shifted down, lateral ones lighter and bigger; four occipital whitish stripes, lateral ones bifurcate; gena with a white spot punctuated in brown posteriorly; clypeus and labrum brown; mandibles yellow; antenna uniformly light brown; maxillary palpus whitish, five–jointed, moderately elongate, joints 1–2 same–sized, joints 3 slightly longer than 4, joint 5 claviform, ventrally compressed; labial palpus whitish, three–jointed, gradual increase in size toward the apex, third claviform. Thorax : pronotum black, pubescent, dorsal disc wider than long, bristles on the anterior and posterior margins; lateral lobe marked with a antero-ventral whitish spot, which becomes light brown posteriorly, lateral lobe dorsal slightly marked with whitish spot punctuated with dark brown; tegmina covering two thirds of the abdomen, and apical field well developed; mesothorax wings surpassing the abdomen tip; legs I and II punctuated in dark brown dorsally, and whitish ventrally; tibia I with two apical spurs on both outer and inner sides, the outer ones longer than inner, auditory tympanum present on both sides subequal, tarsomere 1 longer than tarsomeres 2–3 together; leg II slightly darker than leg I, with apical spurs longer than leg I; femur III robust, darker dorsally and striped on outer side; tibia III unserrulated, armed with five outer subapical spurs, the proximal one smaller, and four inner subapical spurs, three inner and four outer apical spurs, mesad longer, tarsomere 1 serrulated armed with two apical spurs, the inner longer than outer. Abdomen: Tergites black, sternites whitish, cerci light brown as long as femur, subgenital plate black, conic–shaped, supranal plate trapezoidal bearing median lateral pointed projections. Phallic sclerites ( Figs 9–11 ) . Main lobe of pseudepiphallus with an U–shaped indentation, with apex slightly bent inward; rami slightly sinuous, not fused proximad, apex bifurcated, pseudepiphallic apodemes present, pseudepiphallic parameres bilobed; ectophallic arc and ectophallic apodeme show a W–shaped at dorsal view, ectophallic fold tapers abruptly to a pointed apex; endophallic cavity large. Calling song ( Figs 17–18 ). Recorded in laboratory, 18°C, 7 a.m., 08.xii.2016 ; calling song alternating chirps (section A) and trills (section B); section A: period, 0.14 ± 0.01s (0.124–0.17, n = 30); chirp rate, 8 chirps/s; 5 to 8 pulses per chirp, being 1.4% with five pulses, 15.5% with six pulses, 73.2% with seven pulses, and 9.86% with eight pulses; section B: pulse rate, 76 pulses/s. Dominant frequency, 7640Hz. Measurements (mm). Body length, 15.9; pronotum width, 4.5; pronotum length, 2.1; head width, 4.2; interocular distance, 3.2; femur III length, 9.2; tibia III length, 6.5. Observations of Paratypes. Hind legs. All paratypes possessed five inner and outer subapical spurs. Phallic sclerites . Apex of the main lobe of the pseudepiphallus varying slightly in the inward bent; may occurs ectophallic fold not truncated at base, and tapering gradually. Rigth tegmen ( Fig. 12–14 , n = 2) . Dorsal field length, 9.43 ± 0.6mm (9–9.85), dorsal field width, 3.34 ± 0.23mm (3.18–3.5), lateral field length, 7.73 ± 0.86mm (7.12–8.34), lateral field width, 2.71 ± 0.12 mm (2.63–2.8), six accessory veins on lateral field, distal one rising from the subcostal vein; harp area, 6.33 ± 0.7mm 2 (5.83–6.82), with two cross veins; mirror area, 2.89 ± 0.15mm 2 (2.78–2.99) with one cross vein; file length, 2.17 ± 0.127mm (2.08–2.26); teeth number, 98.5 ± 7.78 teeth (93–104). Calling song. Paratype MW03, recorded in laboratory, 21°C, 6 a.m., 29.xii.2016 ; section A: chirp period, 0.14 ± 0.229s (0.109–0.221, n = 30); chirp rate, 7.9 chirps/s; 5 to 8 pulses per chirp, being 14.5% of chirps with five pulses, 27.3% with six pulses, 34.5% with seven pulses, and 23.6% with eight pulses; section B, pulse rate 79 pulses/s; dominant frequency, 7127Hz. Female ( Figs 2 , 15–16 ) . Body shape and color pattern similar to Holotype ; subgenital plate trapezoid; ovipositor slightly longer than femur III, apex lanceolated. Measurements (mm) . Male (n = 2): body length, 15.5 ± 1.51 (14.4–16.5); pronotum width, 4.1 ± 0.53 (3.7–4.5); pronotum length, 2.3 ± 0.39 (2–2.6); head width, 3.9 ± 0.31 (3.7–4.1); interocular distance, 2.7 ± 0.15 (2.6–2.8); femur III length 9.2 ± 0.17 (9.1–9.3); tibia III length 6.6 ± 0.47 (6.2–6.9). Female (n = 6). body length, 17.6 ± 1.26 (15.8–19.4); pronotum width, 4.8 ± 0.25 (4.4–5.1); pronotum length, 2.5 ± 0.38 (2.04–3.01); head width, 4.2 ± 0.37 (3.7–4.8); interocular distance, 3.1 ± 0,39 (2.6–3.7); femur III length, 9.6 ± 0.58 (8.8–10.3); tibia III length, 6.7 ± 0.37 (6.1–7.2); tegmen length, 8.7 ± 0.4 (8.1–9.3); tegmen width, 3.1 ± 0.26 (2.6–3.3); ovipositor length, 10.6 ± 0.88 (9.2–11.6). Karyotype ( Fig. 35 ) . Diploid chromosome number of 2n = 24 + X ♂ = 25, and 2n = 24 + XX ♀ = 26; two pairs of metacentric chromosomes (pair 1, ci = 50, with secondary constriction in p arm, which left a small satellite at the chromosome tip; pair 4, ci = 42.8), six pairs of submetacentric (pair 2, ci = 35.1; pair 3, ci = 36.4; pair 5, ci = 17.1; pair 6, ci = 34.6; pair 7, ci = 25; and pair 10, ci = 17.9), and four pairs of acrocentric (pair 8, ci = 12.1; pair 9, ci = 11.8; pair 11, ci = 12; and pair 12, ci = 10). The X chromosome is metacentric (ci = 50), and the largest of the complement.

Description, Holotype ³ (Code MW02, Figs 1 , 3–11 ). Body black in dorsal, and whitish ventrally. Head: black, bright and glabrous, whitish spot contouring posteriorly the scape and following the inner margin of the eyes, becoming punctuated in brown, with a white strip before reaching occiput; black eyes outlined in white; three well developed ocelli arranged in line, with median ocellus slightly shifted down, lateral ones lighter and bigger; four occipital whitish stripes, lateral ones bifurcate; gena with a white spot punctuated in brown posteriorly; clypeus and labrum brown; mandibles yellow; antenna uniformly light brown; maxillary palpus whitish, five– jointed, moderately elongate, joints 1–2 same–sized, joints 3 slightly longer than 4, joint 5 claviform, ventrally compressed; labial palpus whitish, three–jointed, gradual increase in size toward the apex, third claviform. Thorax: pronotum black, pubescent, dorsal disc wider than long, bristles on the anterior and posterior margins; lateral lobe marked with a antero-ventral whitish spot, which becomes light brown posteriorly, lateral lobe dorsal slightly marked with whitish spot punctuated with dark brown; tegmina covering two thirds of the abdomen, and apical field well developed; mesothorax wings surpassing the abdomen tip; legs I and II punctuated in dark brown dorsally, and whitish ventrally; tibia I with two apical spurs on both outer and inner sides, the outer ones longer than inner, auditory tympanum present on both sides subequal, tarsomere 1 longer than tarsomeres 2–3 together; leg II slightly darker than leg I, with apical spurs longer than leg I; femur III robust, darker dorsally and striped on outer side; tibia III unserrulated, armed with five outer subapical spurs, the proximal one smaller, and four inner subapical spurs, three inner and four outer apical spurs, mesad longer, tarsomere 1 serrulated armed with two apical spurs, the inner longer than outer. Abdomen: Tergites black, sternites whitish, cerci light brown as long as femur, subgenital plate black, conic–shaped, supranal plate trapezoidal bearing median lateral pointed projections. Phallic sclerites ( Figs 9–11 ) . Main lobe of pseudepiphallus with an U–shaped indentation, with apex slightly bent inward; rami slightly sinuous, not fused proximad, apex bifurcated, pseudepiphallic apodemes present, pseudepiphallic parameres bilobed; ectophallic arc and ectophallic apodeme show a W–shaped at dorsal view, ectophallic fold tapers abruptly to a pointed apex; endophallic cavity large. Calling song ( Figs 17–18 ). Recorded in laboratory, 18°C, 7 a.m., 08.xii.2016 ; calling song alternating chirps (section A) and trills (section B); section A: period, 0.14 ± 0.01s (0.124–0.17, n = 30); chirp rate, 8 chirps/s; 5 to 8 pulses per chirp, being 1.4% with five pulses, 15.5% with six pulses, 73.2% with seven pulses, and 9.86% with eight pulses; section B: pulse rate, 76 pulses/s. Dominant frequency, 7640Hz. Measurements (mm). Body length, 15.9; pronotum width, 4.5; pronotum length, 2.1; head width, 4.2; interocular distance, 3.2; femur III length, 9.2; tibia III length, 6.5. Observations of Paratypes. Hind legs. All paratypes possessed five inner and outer subapical spurs. Phallic sclerites . Apex of the main lobe of the pseudepiphallus varying slightly in the inward bent; may occurs ectophallic fold not truncated at base, and tapering gradually. Rigth tegmen ( Fig. 12–14 , n = 2) . Dorsal field length, 9.43 ± 0.6mm (9–9.85), dorsal field width, 3.34 ± 0.23mm (3.18–3.5), lateral field length, 7.73 ± 0.86mm (7.12–8.34), lateral field width, 2.71 ± 0.12 mm (2.63–2.8), six accessory veins on lateral field, distal one rising from the subcostal vein; harp area, 6.33 ± 0.7mm 2 (5.83–6.82), with two cross veins; mirror area, 2.89 ± 0.15mm 2 (2.78–2.99) with one cross vein; file length, 2.17 ± 0.127mm (2.08–2.26); teeth number, 98.5 ± 7.78 teeth (93–104). Calling song. Paratype MW03, recorded in laboratory, 21°C, 6 a.m., 29.xii.2016 ; section A: chirp period, 0.14 ± 0.229s (0.109–0.221, n = 30); chirp rate, 7.9 chirps/s; 5 to 8 pulses per chirp, being 14.5% of chirps with five pulses, 27.3% with six pulses, 34.5% with seven pulses, and 23.6% with eight pulses; section B, pulse rate 79 pulses/s; dominant frequency, 7127Hz. Female ( Figs 2 , 15–16 ) . Body shape and color pattern similar to Holotype ; subgenital plate trapezoid; ovipositor slightly longer than femur III, apex lanceolated. Measurements (mm) . Male (n = 2): body length, 15.5 ± 1.51 (14.4–16.5); pronotum width, 4.1 ± 0.53 (3.7– 4.5); pronotum length, 2.3 ± 0.39 (2–2.6); head width, 3.9 ± 0.31 (3.7–4.1); interocular distance, 2.7 ± 0.15 (2.6– 2.8); femur III length 9.2 ± 0.17 (9.1–9.3); tibia III length 6.6 ± 0.47 (6.2–6.9). Female (n = 6). body length, 17.6 ± 1.26 (15.8–19.4); pronotum width, 4.8 ± 0.25 (4.4–5.1); pronotum length, 2.5 ± 0.38 (2.04–3.01); head width, 4.2 ± 0.37 (3.7–4.8); interocular distance, 3.1 ± 0,39 (2.6–3.7); femur III length, 9.6 ± 0.58 (8.8–10.3); tibia III length, 6.7 ± 0.37 (6.1–7.2); tegmen length, 8.7 ± 0.4 (8.1–9.3); tegmen width, 3.1 ± 0.26 (2.6–3.3); ovipositor length, 10.6 ± 0.88 (9.2–11.6). Karyotype ( Fig. 35 ) . Diploid chromosome number of 2n = 24 + X ♂ = 25, and 2n = 24 + XX ♀ = 26; two pairs of metacentric chromosomes (pair 1, ci = 50, with secondary constriction in p arm, which left a small satellite at the chromosome tip; pair 4, ci = 42.8), six pairs of submetacentric (pair 2, ci = 35.1; pair 3, ci = 36.4; pair 5, ci = 17.1; pair 6, ci = 34.6; pair 7, ci = 25; and pair 10, ci = 17.9), and four pairs of acrocentric (pair 8, ci = 12.1; pair 9, ci = 11.8; pair 11, ci = 12; and pair 12, ci = 10). The X chromosome is metacentric (ci = 50), and the largest of the complement.

Calling song (Figs 17–18). Recorded in laboratory, 18oC, 7 a.m., 08.xii.2016; calling song alternating chirps (section A) and trills (section B); section A: period, 0.14 ± 0.01s (0.124–0.17, n = 30); chirp rate, 8 chirps/s; 5 to 8 pulses per chirp, being 1.4% with five pulses, 15.5% with six pulses, 73.2% with seven pulses, and 9.86% with eight pulses; section B: pulse rate, 76 pulses/s. Dominant frequency, 7640Hz. Paratype MW03, recorded in laboratory, 21oC, 6 a.m., 29.xii.2016; section A: chirp period, 0.14 ± 0.229s (0.109–0.221, n = 30); chirp rate, 7.9 chirps/s; 5 to 8 pulses per chirp, being 14.5% of chirps with five pulses, 27.3% with six pulses, 34.5% with seven pulses, and 23.6% with eight pulses; section B, pulse rate 79 pulses/s; dominant frequency, 7127Hz.