Bioacoustics of Lasiodora klugi

Diagnosis. Lasiodora klugi male and female resemble those of L. parahybana , L. camurujipe n. sp. , L. benedeni and L. subcanens by the spatulate stridulatory setae on prolateral coxae ( Fig. 13 ), embolus long and slender ( Figs 27 ─29), and spermatheca bulb not enlarged (Fig. 32). They can be distinguished from all the species above by the long stridulatory setae at the confluence of sutures (Figs 35─36). Additionally, the male can be distinguished from those of L. benedeni by the non-slender distal portion of the embolus ( Figs 27 ─29), and females by the non-slender spermatheca bulb (Fig. 32). Male and female of L. klugi can be distinguished from those of. L. subcanens by lacking whitish setae covering carapace, dorsal chelicerae and legs ( Figs 61 ─72); and from L. camurujipe n. sp. by retrolateral distal maxilla covered with short spiniform setae on its median area ( Figs 38 ─39).

Redescription. Male (IBSP 6403). Carapace 23.67 long, 22.88 wide, chelicera 11.46. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 23.22, 11.18, 19.42, 19.14, 10.88, 83.84. II: 21.61, 10.24, 18.17, 18.41, 9.97, 78.40. III: 19.81, 9.29, 16.37, 20.38, 9.42, 75.27. IV: 23.32, 9.43, 20.72, 27.89, 10.25, 91.61. Palp: 14.26, 7.92, 12.46, –, 4.86, 39.50. Midwidths: femora I–IV = 4.30, 4.38, 5.14, 4.15, palp = 3.23; patellae I–IV = 4.39, 4.19, 4.29, 4.19, palp = 3.36; tibiae I–IV = 3.45, 3.07, 3.09, 3.08, palp = 3.18; metatarsi I–IV = 2.09, 2.00, 2.01, 1.74; tarsi I–IV = 1.91, 1.78, 1.93, 1.57, palp = 3.69. Abdomen 20.61 long, 12.64 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 3.13 long, 1.26 wide, 0.72 apart; PLS, 4.53 basal, 3.16 middle, 4.58 distal; midwidths 1.56, 1.09, 0.92, respectively. Carapace: 1.03 longer than wide; cephalic area moderately raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea 4.01 wide. Eyes and eye tubercle: Tubercle 1.10 high, 2.43 long, 3.36 wide. Clypeus 0.36 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.71, ALE 0.82, PME 0.43, PLE 0.69, AME–AME 0.55, AME–ALE 0.40, AME–PME 0.24, ALE–ALE 2.21, ALE–PME 0.62, PME–PME 1.64, PME–PLE 0.19, PLE–PLE 2.61, ALE–PLE 0.40, AME–PLE 0.64. Eye group 3.27 wide, 1.69 long. Maxillae: Length 7.29, width 4.32. Cuspules: ca. 242 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 3.38 long, 3.69 wide, with ca. 236 cuspules spaced by ca. one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth in row on promargin and denticles in basal area. Sternum: 10.51 long, 9.11 wide. Legs : leg formula: I= IV II III . Length leg IV to I: 1.09. Stridulatory apparatus: Retrolateral maxilla: small to large spiniform setae on distal upper, middle and lower areas, interspersed with some plumose setae ( Figs 33 ─34). Leg I prolateral coxa: confluence of sutures region with 8 reddish, long, slightly spatulate stridulatory setae and several short ones (Figs 35─36). Region above sutures with plumose setae and some curved spiniform setae. Region below sutures covered with plumose setae having slightly incrassate base (Fig. 37). Coxa I retrolateral face covered with plumose setae and a group of small spiniform setae on the upper region. Retrolateral face of legs II─ III lacking spiniform setae. Coxa II prolateral face with same apparatus as in leg I, in coxae III and IV the stridulatory setae are very slender. Scopula : Tarsi I – IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I –II fully scopulated; III 1 /2, IV 1 /5 distal. Metatarsus IV divided by row of 2–3 setae. Spination: palp: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v2-4-2, p1-1-1; leg I: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-2-1ap, p0-1-0, metatarsus v0-0-2ap; leg II: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v1-2-4ap, p1-1- 1; metatarsus v2-0-3ap, p1-0-0; leg III : femur p0-0-1, r0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-3-3ap, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, metatarsus v4-5-5(3ap), p1-1-1, r1-0-1; leg IV : femur r0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-4-4(2ap), p1-1-0, r1-1-1, metatarsus v26(4ap), p1-1-2, r0-1-1. Urticating setae: Position, type and length range: MA, I, 0.31─0.48; LA, I, 0.30─0.33; MM , LM, MP and LP regions are bald. Palp ( Figs 27 –29): bulb pyriform, embolus slightly longer than tegulum length, slightly flattened laterally at distal region, apex short and thick. Prolateral keels present. PS forming embolus edge distally. A short. R sharp, with a series of 4 large denticles on its edge. SA well developed. Bifid tibial spur (Figs 30─31) with two processes originating from common base, both straight, Retrolateral longest and with a curvature at its distal portion. A single, flattened, rhomboidal spine contiguous to the internal upper face of retrolateral branch, and two such spines at the internal face of prolateral branch. Metatarsus I curved on its basal third, when folded touches apex of retrolateral tibial spur. Color pattern (in alcohol): Carapace and chelicerae black. Carapace bordered with scattered light brown long setae, chelicerae with some long light brown setae. Legs black with light brown long setae. Coxae of legs ventrally and sternum reddish brown, covered with short black setae. Labium and maxillae reddish brown. Abdomen dorsally and ventrally black with abundant long reddish setae. Femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi of legs and palp with very discrete light stripes. Apex of leg segments with discrete whitish rings on apex. Redescription. Female (IBSP 8264). Carapace 30.32 long, 28.18 wide, chelicera 19.05. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 22.64, 13.38, 18.18, 15.94, 9.17, 79.31. II: 20.86, 12.31, 15.64, 15.58, 8.68, 73.07. III: 19.31, 10.98, 14.08, 16.63, 8.23, 69.23. IV: 23.68, 11.66, 17.57, 23.89, 9.90, 86.70. Palp: 16.66, 10.45, 12.54, –, 10.31, 49.96. Midwidths: femora I–IV = 5.28, 5.58, 6.22, 5.49, palp = 3.88; patellae I–IV = 5.19, 4.94, 5.12, 5.04, palp = 4.35; tibiae I–IV = 4.43, 4.13, 4.36, 3.97, palp = 3.73; metatarsi I–IV = 3.08, 2.80, 2.95, 2.75; tarsi I–IV = 3.10, 3.04, 3.20, 3.24, palp = 3.15. Abdomen 34.13 long, 26.12 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 4.02 long, 1.75 wide, 2.33 apart; PLS, 6.18 basal, 4.91 middle, 6.55 distal; midwidths 2.59, 1.89, 1.41, respectively. Carapace: 1.07 longer than wide; cephalic area noticeably raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea 5.49 wide. Eyes and eye tubercle: Tubercle 1.31 high, 2.54 long, 3.60 wide. Clypeus 0.42 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.66, ALE 0.81, PME 0.37, PLE 0.69, AME–AME 0.70, AME–ALE 0.53, AME–PME 0.18, ALE–ALE 2.66, ALE–PME 0.53, PME–PME 1.87, PME–PLE 0.29, PLE–PLE 2.77, ALE–PLE 0.47, AME–PLE 0.83. Eye group 3.72 wide, 1.59 long. Maxillae: Length 10.01, width 6.94. Cuspules: ca. 260 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 4.21 long, 4.49 wide, with 243 cuspules spaced by ca. one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth in row on promargin and denticles on basal area. Sternum: 13.53 long, 10.72 wide. Legs : formula: I= IV II III . Length leg IV to I = 1.09. Stridulatory apparatus: Retrolateral maxilla: small to large spiniform setae on the distal upper, middle and lower areas, interspersed with some plumose setae ( Figs 38 ─39). Leg I prolateral coxa: confluence of sutures region with 4 reddish, long, slightly spatulate stridulatory setae and several shorter ones (Figs 40─41). Region above sutures with plumose setae and some curved spiniform setae. Region below sutures covered with plumose setae having slightly incrassate base (Fig. 42). Coxa I retrolateral face covered with plumose setae and group of small spiniform setae on upper region. Retrolateral face of coxae II─ III lacking spiniform setae. Coxa II prolateral face with same apparatus as in leg I, in coxae III and IV the stridulatory setae are very slender. Scopula : Tarsi I – IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I –II fully scopulated; III 1 /2, IV 1 /5 distal. Metatarsus IV divided by row of 5–6 setae. Spination: palp: femur p0-0-1ap, patella 0, tibia v2-2-5(3ap), p1-1-1, r0-1-1, leg I: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-1-3ap, metatarsus v0-0-3ap; leg II: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-0-3ap, p1-1-0, metatarsus v1-0-3ap; leg III : femur p0-0-1, r0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v1-1-2ap, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, metatarsus v3-2-3ap, p1-2-0, r0-0-1; leg IV : femur r0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v1-3-1, r1-0-2, metatarsus v20(2ap), p1-1-1, r0-1-2. Urticating setae: Position, type and length range: MA, I, 0.30─0.32; LA, I, 0.31─0.34; MM , III , 0.57─0.60, some intermediates between types I and III , 0.46─0.59; MP , I, 0.39─0.41. LM and LP regions bald. Spermathecae (Fig. 32): Two short spermathecae separated by heavily sclerotized short area, spermathecal stalk narrower than rounded spermathecal bulb. Color pattern (in alcohol):As in male, except: Legs with abundant light brown long setae. Abdomen with sparse light brown to reddish long setae. Femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi of legs and palp with discrete light stripes. Apex of leg segments with whitish rings on apex. Morphological variation. Specimens from the Ilhéus region in southern state of Bahia have the retrolateral maxillae with spiniform setae on its upper, median and lower region, tough the spiniform setae on the median and lower region are smaller and sparse ( Figs 33 ─34, 38─39). Towards the southernmost region of state of Bahia and northern state of Espirito Santo the spiniform setae on the median and lower region of retrolateral palp maxilla are fewer in number, or completely absent ( Figs 43 , 45, 47, 49). Specimens from this region of Bahia and Espirito Santo also have some variation in color pattern. They are brownish and seems to have a small number of long setae on their legs (Figs 66, 71─72), whereas those from Ilheus and neighborhood have normally long yellowish setae over the legs and palps ( Figs 61 ─64, 67─70).

Remarks. Schiapelli & Gerschman de Pikelin (1979) examined and illustrated male and female specimens from Cabo and Recife collected by W.A. Forbes, deposited at BMNH (30-125) and cited by Pocock (1901: 544) , considering them as types of L. klugi . Schiapelli & Gerschman de Pikelin (1979) also stated that the Pocock’s (1901) citation of the genus to Cabo and Recife in Argentina was a mistake. Pérez-Miles et al. (1996) considered a male from Iguarassu, Brazil , also deposited at the BMNH and examined by Pocock (1901) , as the type of L. klugi . I examined these specimens at the BMNH and concluded they are not the types of L. klugi . Koch (1841) clearly stated the types are from Bahia in Brazil , whereas the specimens examined by Pocock (1901) , Schiapelli and Gerschman Pikelin (1979) and Pérez-Miles et al. (1996) are from Recife and Cabo (presently Cabo de Santo Agostinho, a town close to Recife, the capital of the state of Pernambuco ) and Iguarassu, all in the state of Pernambuco in Brazil . Most of Koch’s (1841) theraphosid Brazilian types are housed at ZMB and searches on that collection showed the types are deposited there and match the description, two males from Bahia , Brazil under the number ZMB 2039 (Figs 20─26). Those specimens are compatible with the specimens herein examined from the state of Bahia , in its southern portion including the historical city of Ilhéus. The male palp bulb morphology, stridulatory apparatus and general appearance match with specimens of this Brazilian region. Therefore, there is no doubt the real L. klugi types are those deposited at ZMB. The types of L. itabunae are a female and an immature male, both from Itabuna, state of Bahia , Brazil . The specimens have a stridulatory apparatus formed by a few long and slender reddish setae on coxa I ( Figs 57 ─58) and the spiniform setae on retrolateral maxilla are distributed on the upper and median areas of the segment and a few sparse spiniform setae were seen at the lower area (Fig. 59). The spermathecae (Fig. 60) and type locality are also compatible with those of L. klugi . Therefore, I consider L. itabunae Mello-Leitão, 1921 a junior synonym of Lasiodora klugi (C. L. Koch, 1841 ) .