Bioacoustics of Indoseges

Description ( Fig. 1–17 ): Colouration: Spider in life blackish-brown with glossy integument (17 A,B), overall males darker than females. In ethanol, carapace greenish-brown (thoracic area) to brownish-black (cephalic area) ( Fig. 1 A , 4 A , 6 A , 9 A , 11 A , 13 A , 15 A ); median eyes translucent and lateral eyes pale, all eyes with black rim ( Fig. 4 D , 6D , 9D ); legs and palp orangish-green except brownish-black femora and greenish-brown tibia, few small black patches on patella and tibia ( Fig. 1 A , 3 , 4 A , 6 A , 8 , 11 A , 13 A , 15 A ), ventrally pale greenish-brown ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ); abdomen dorsally greyish-brown with few pale patches ( Fig. 1 A , 4 A , 6 A , 9 A , 11 A , 13 A , 15 A ), ventrally pale greyish mottled with pale dots or without any pattern, two orange spots and black patches on epigastric area ( Fig. 5 A , 10 A ); labium orangish-brown, lighter anteriorly ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ); endites orangish-brown except for white proximal end ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ); sternum orangish-brown with faint black patches laterally and medially ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ); chelicerae brownish-black ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ). Morphometry and setae (male, female): Total length 6.82–7.50 (5.09–12.80), carapace 3.32–3.89 long, 2.09–2.58 wide (2.48–4.89 long, 0.99–2.82 wide), abdomen 3.50–3.83 long, 2.00–2.31 wide (2.61–8.58 long, 1.67–4.33 wide). Carapace: longer than broad, narrowed anteriorly; cephalic area higher than thoracic area; integument rough, covered with long and short brown hairs; caput slightly raised; thoracic fovea indistinct ( Fig. 1 A , 4 A , 6 A , 9 A , 11 A , 13 A , 15 A ). Eyes: six, grouped in three pairs, anterior median eyes absent, lateral eyes placed on a single tubercle, posterior row straight or slightly recurved ( Fig. 1 D , 4 D , 6 D , 9 D , 11 D , 13 D , 15 C ). Chelicerae: conical with rough integument due to files or hairs; having distinct retrolateral basal transverse ridge; covered with stiff hairs with tuberculated base except for posterior and basal lateral sides; prominent depression on the posterior distal region to fit distal part of endites; fangs short, shaft with an internal serrula and about 2.5 times longer than wide, with three promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth ( Fig. 6 E , 11 E , 13 E , 15 D ). Labium: longer than wide, narrowed down in anterior one-third, separated from sternum by partially membranous suture, covered with few long and short black hairs ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ). Labrum: well developed and is about length of the labium ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ), distal end having a row of median microsetae. Endites: broader at the base, narrowed medially and rounded proximally, covered with long black hairs ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ), dorso-distally depressed to fit cheliceral distal end, serrula with a single row of fine minute teeth forming a ridge-like structure. Sternum: longer than wide, margins with precoxal triangles, concave anteriorly, rebordered and not fused with carapace or pedicel, covered with long black hairs ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ). Abdomen: longer than wide, uniformly hairy ( Fig. 1 A , 4 A , 6 A , 9 A , 11 A , 13 A , 15 A ), coated with short setae, and scattered long setae among them; book lung and tracheal opening weakly sclerotized ( Fig. 5 A , 10 A ). Spinnerets: three pairs, covered with brown hairs; anterior lateral spinnerets with three segments, the basal segment crossed by a diagonal membranous stripe, colulus distinct, short and covered with long hairs ( Fig. 1 C , 4 C , 6 C , 9 C , 11 C , 13 C ). Legs: robust, prograde, with third pair directed forward; each leg with three tarsal claws, two paired claws with long dentitions ( Fig. 4 E , 9 E , 11 F , 13 F ), teeth largest on leg I, unpaired claw with one small tooth ( Fig. 4 E , 9 E , 11 F , 13 F ), true claw tufts absent; leg pairs I–II with more setae and macrosetae than pairs III–IV; metatarsi and tarsi IV with ventral brush of thickened and serrated setae and metatarsi IV with preening comb on distal ventro or ventro-retrolateral ( Fig.7 D ); trichoboth- ria on dorsal subdistal region of metatarsi I–IV and dorsal basal half of tibia I–IV; male tarsi I–II incrassate and with ventral scopulae or tenant setae ( Fig. 2 F,G ); in males femur, tibiae and metatarsi of all legs with macrosetae; male metatarsi Ilacks any apophysis ( Fig. 2 A,B ) and with thorn-like or cuspule-like macrosetae on ventral side of distal half; males with or without distinct pointed basal tibial apophysis on prolateral side of tibiae I ( Fig. 2 A–C , Fig. 7 A–C ), male tibiae Ialso with a row of short macrosetae on retrolateral side or ventro-retrolateral side ( Fig. 2 B , 7 A ); males with a cluster of stridulatory macrosetae on femur I, that could be on tubercle-like apophysis ( Fig. 2 A–D , 7 A–C ); in females tarsi I–II with ventro-prolateral lines of thickened tactile setae, interspersed with lines of chemosensory setae; females tibiae and metatarsi of all legs with macrosetae, but only ventro-prolateral, ventroretrolateral, and sometimes prolateral and retrolateral; female femur I–II with one macroseta. Leg formula in male 1243 or 2143 and female 1243 or 1423. Palp: tibiae of male palp incrassate/swollen basally slightly to distinctly, longer than cymbium, with one dorsal trichobothrium and without any macrosetae; cymbium with distal notch dividing it into two unequal short processes, prolateral portion slightly longer than retrolateral one and without any scopulae or sensory setae; bulb pear-shaped, abruptly narrowed in mid-portion between bulb and embolus, embolus long, tubular, tapers and gradually bends dorsally, twists at the base 90° or 110° along with distal bulb and spatulated distally with an embolic opening on one side; spermatic duct broad, emerging at the base of bulb, coiling gradually towards mid-portion and enters embolus ( Fig. 3 A–D , 8 A–D ); female palp short and robust, with one smooth claw, turned inward almost 90°; macrosetae present on prolateral sides of tibiae and tarsi, tarsi with more than ten macrosetae ( Fig. 4 F , 9 F , 11 G , 13 G , 15 E ); tibiae with a single dorsal trichobothrium. Female genitalia: epigynal plate distinct and sclerotized; internal genitalia composed by anterior receptaculum, uterus externus, interpulmonary fold and posterior receptaculum; anterior receptaculum divided into dorsal and ventral lobe; dorsal lobe small, weakly sclerotized and transparent; ventral lobe strongly sclerotized and with multiple elongated entapophyses; glandular duct plate sclerotized and located in central area at the junction of both lobes; uterus externus indistinct or weakly sclerotized and transparent; interpulmonary fold strongly sclerotized forming a median flap; posterior receptaculum sac-like or shape variable, and with small tubular invaginations ( Fig. 5 A–E , 10 A–E , 12 A–D , 14 A–D , 16 A–D ).

Diagnosis: Indoseges gen. nov. resembles Ariadninae genera, but differs from Segestriinae genera Gippsicola Hogg, 1900 and Segestria Latreille, 1804 by having labium narrowed distally ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ), posterior eyes in a straight line or slightly recurved ( Fig. 1 D , 4 D , 6 D , 9 D , 11 D , 13 D , 15 C ), lateral basal transverse ridge present on chelicerae, and chelicerae with three promarginal and one retromarginal teeth ( Fig. 6 E , 11 E , 13 E , 15 D ) ( Beatty, 1970 ; Grismado, 2008 ; Ramírez, 2014 ; Giroti & Brescovit, 2015,2017,2018; Marsh et al . 2018 ; Fomichev & Marusik, 2020 ). Among Ariadninae , it differs from both Ariadna and Citharoceps by having: male tarsi I–II incrassate and with ventral scopulae ( Fig. 2 F,G ), presence of 4–5 ventral spines on metatarsi Iof males, and female femur I–II with one macrosetae. Additional characters that separates it from Ariadna : labrum as long as labium and distally with a row of dorsal median microsetae ( Fig. 1 B , 4 B , 6 B , 9 B , 11 B , 13 B , 15 B ), but in Ariadna labrum longer than the labium and without dorsal median microsetae; males lack apophysis on metatarsi I ( Fig. 2 A,B ), but in Ariadna apophysis may or may not present on metatarsi Iof males; males with a cluster of stridulatory macrosetae on femur I, which could be on tubercle-like apophysis ( Fig. 2 A–D , 7 A–C ), but in Ariadna a cluster of stridulatory macrosetae may or may not present on femur Iof males and apophysis absent; female palp tarsi with more than ten macrosetae ( Fig. 4 F , 9 F , 11 G , 13 G , 15 E ), but in Ariadna number of macrosetae five or more; and presence of conspicuous median flap in female genitalia ( Fig. 5 C,E , 10 C,E , 12 B,D , 14 B,D , 16 B,D ), but absent in Ariadna . Additional characters that separates it from Citharoceps : stridulatory apparatus in the cephalic area absent, but present in Citharoceps ; a stridulatory thorn in the prolateral region of femur I absent, but present in Citharoceps ; presence of tubular invaginations on posterior receptaculum in females ( Fig. 5 B–E , 10 B–E , 12 A–C , 14 A–C , 16 A–D ), but absent in Citharoceps ; and labium-sternum junction length is greater than the endite-sternum junction; but in Citharoceps labium-sternum junction is equal or smaller than the length of endite-sternum junction ( Beatty, 1970 ; Grismado, 2008 ; Ramírez, 2014 ; Giroti & Brescovit, 2015 , 2018 ; Siliwal et al . 2017 ; Marsh et al . 2018 ).