Bioacoustics of Homogryllacris

Description. Small to medium sized species. Head: Face narrow ovoid; forehead nearly smooth with scattered impressed dots; fastigium verticis little wider than scapus; ocelli distinct; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a very fine suture; subocular furrows very weak, more distinct and wider in ventral area ( Fig. 68I ). Abdominal tergites two and three each with two rows of stridulatory pegs (4, 14; 16, 18; n = 1 male ; Fig. 68J ). Tegmen ( Fig. 68H ): Radius gives rise to RS at about beginning of apical third, both veins forked near tip. Media anterior free from base, single-branched, at about end of basal third it temporarily approaches to or subfuses with the anterior branch of CuA. Cubitus anterior single-branched at base, dividing into two veins about at end of basal third of tegmen; the anterior branch approaches closely to MA in a curvature (left tegmen) or fuses with it in a point (right tegmen), after that it forks into two veins, MP and CuA1, in about mid-length of tegmen, the posterior branch (CuA2) remains undivided; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins, last two veins with common stem. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 4–5 external and 7 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color uniformly yellowish brown. Face yellowish brown; a spot between lateral ocelli, rim of antennal scrobae, tip and a band at base of scapus black. Tegmen semi-transparent white, toward base yellow; veins and veinlets brown; hind wing semi-transparent white, main veins light brown, cross-veins light grey. Male. Eighth abdominal tergite little longer than seventh tergite. Ninth abdominal tergite about as long as eighth tergite, little vaulted with lateral areas obliquely shortened ventrad; apical margin convex, simple ( Fig. 69D ). Tenth abdominal tergite very short, divided in middle, in situ hidden, and provided with a pair of long processes that are flexible in more than basal half and terminating into a little shorter, sclerotised, sickle-shaped, apical part, in situ crossing each other just behind base and largely hidden between ninth tergite and subgenital plate. Paraproctes very large, little overlapping in middle, provided with a high vertical carina that probably functions as holding for the acute tips of the projections of the tenth tergite ( Fig. 69F ). Subgenital plate rather wide and upcurved laterally and apically; with a distinct medial furrow over whole length; lateral margins strongly convex, apical area bilobate ( Fig. 69E ). Female unknown. Measurements ( 1 male ).—body w/wings: 23; body w/o wings: 19; pronotum: 4; tegmen: 16.5; tegmen width: 4.5; hind femur: 10; antenna: 70 mm .

Diagnosis. Small to medium sized species. Ocelli small or indistinct; fastigium verticis wider than scape, nearly rounded, frons smooth. Tegmina and hind wings developed or absent. Second and third abdominal tergites with transverse stridulatory teeth on lateral margins. Wings hyaline. Fore and middle tibiae with 4 pairs of movable long spines and a pair of short apical spurs on ventral margins. Male ninth abdominal tergite without process; tenth abdominal tergite narrow, with a pair of processes that are often long and sclerotised with membranous base. Ovipositor usually longer than hind femur, almost straight. I also include in this genus four of the species formerly included in Brachyntheisogryllacris that have the male eighth abdominal tergite without apical projection, the ninth tergite undivided, entire, and the tenth abdominal tergite provided with a pair of long, dorso-ventrally compressed projections that distinctly project behind the tip of abdomen and terminate into an acute tip.

Description. Small to medium sized species. Head (males): Face narrow ovoid; forehead nearly smooth; fastigium verticis about as wide as scapus; ocelli little distinct; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a very fine suture; subocular furrows absent in upper area, wide and shallow in lower area. Abdominal tergites two and three with stridulatory pegs ( Fig. 68G ). Head (female): Face rather narrow; forehead nearly smooth with scattered impressed dots and some fine transverse riffles; fastigium verticis slightly narrower than scapus; ocelli indistinct, only median ocellus marked by different color; a fine suture separating fastigium frontis from fastigium verticis only indicated on both sides; subocular furrows shallow ( Fig. 68B ). Abdominal tergites two and three each with two rows of stridulatory pegs (5, 15; 16, 20; n=1; Fig. 68C ). Wings (males) reaching or little surpassing hind knees ( Fig. 68E ). Tegmen: Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior free from base; cubitus anterior at base with a single branch that forks into two veins, shortly after the anterior branch divides again into two parallel branches, MP and CuA1, while the posterior branch (CuA2) does not divide further; in left tegmen of male from Phia Den and female from Hoa Binh MA and MP fuse for a very short distance after MP divided from CuA and before MP divides into two branches; in right tegmen of female from Hoa Binh MP is fused in basal area with MA while CuA is single branched and undivided; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins, the last branch short and arising from a common stem with preceding branch. Wings (female) covering about abdomen and reaching hind knees ( Fig. 68A ). Tegmen: Radius with two branches, R and RS, both forked near tip; media anterior free from base, on left tegmen single-branched, on right tegmen releases MP before mid-length that shortly after divides into MP1 and MP2;—left tegmen: CuA with long single-branched base, an anterior branch separates in a curvature at about end of basal third and connects for one cell length with MA then separates again and shortly after divides into two branches, MP and CuA1; right tegmen: CuA single-branched free throughout; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins. Legs: Fore coxa with a small spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 3–8 external and 5–12 internal spines (in female 8–9 external and 15 internal spines) on ventral margins; although on both margins the spines increasing in size from base to apex, the last two inner spines markedly larger than the others; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine; with 3 apical spurs on both sides, the dorsal internal spur much larger than the dorsal external spur ( Fig. 69I ). Coloration. Males with general color uniformly light to medium brown with indistinct pattern; hind femur and tibia in part indistinctly suffused with purple. Face uniformly yellowish or greyish brown, with small black oval spots on fastigium verticis and ventral surface of scapus. Tegmen semitransparent yellow, along fore and hind margins whitish; veins yellow; hind wing semitransparent white; veins yellow, cross-veins pale.—Female general color uniformly yellowish to reddish brown. Face light brown, clypeus, mouthparts and palpi yellow; a transverse spot on fastigium verticis, rim of antennal scrobae, and two spots on scapus black; medial ocellus red. Tegmen yellowish, darker towards base; main veins yellow; cross veins in apical half little distinct, in basal half behind radius dark brown to black; hind wing semi-transparent white with yellowish veins. Male. Eighth abdominal tergite of normal length. Ninth abdominal tergite not globular, only lateral margins curved ventrad; apico-lateral margins obliquely truncate and in dorsal area bent mediad. Tenth abdominal tergite forming a pair of narrow sclerites ascending from lateral margin to middle on the vertical back-side of abdomen below tip of ninth tergite, in between with a rather stiff triangular zone with stout medial carina. Both halves of tenth tergite on top with a long projection, in basal area cylindrical and of general color, running first posteriorly than mediad and then ventrad, that way the processes of both sides crossing each other in basal area; longest part of process dark brown, compressed with acute tip, concave posterior and convex anterior surface ( Figs. 69 A–B). Epiproct small triangular; paraproctes flat but curved below basal plates of cerci. Subgenital plate little wider than long, lateral margins convex, converging; apical margin obliquely truncate, in middle with V-shaped excision with rounded bottom; styli inserted at apico-lateral angles ( Fig. 69C ). Female.Seventh abdominal sternite largely membranous with strong transverse folds; at base with a stiffened but nearly transparent, semi-oval flap with rounded tip overlapping the base of a brown rhombic zone in the membranous area. Subgenital plate in basal area membranous with strong transverse folds as in seventh sternite, only lateral margins with stiffened bulges; the sclerotised plate vaulted, roughly semi-circular in general outline but with slightly concave apical margin ( Fig. 69 G–H). Ovipositor very long and straight, margins slightly converging in apical half; tip narrowly obtuse ( Fig. 68D ). Measurements ( 2 males , 1 female ).—body w/wings: male 24–27, female 29.5; body w/o wings: male 17.5– 24.0, female 29; pronotum: male 4.5–5.0, female 5.2; tegmen: male 19, female 22; tegmen width: male 5.5–5.6, female 5.5; hind femur: male 13.5–15.0, female 17; antenna: female 95; ovipositor: female 27 mm .