Bioacoustics of Hippasa pantherina

Diagnosis. Males of H . pantherina are similar to the males of H. lingxianensis as both have very long anterior arm of tegular apophysis and a hook-like embolus, but can be distinguished from the latter by anteriorly oriented distal part of anterior arm of tegular apophysis (vs. retrolaterally oriented in H . lingxianensis ) and broad conductor (vs. narrow in H . lingxianensis ) (compare Figs 28A–D , 29A–C with Wang et al. 2015 : fig. 5A–B). Females of H . pantherina are similar to the females of H . loundesi as both share spermathecal stalks with broad proximal and narrow distal parts, but can be separated from the latter by less developed median epigynal plate (vs. well-developed in H . loundesi ), vulva with lateral pockets accommodating spermathecal stalks (vs. absent in H . loundesi ) and oval spermathecae (vs. globular in H . loundesi ) (compare Figs 28F , 29D–E with Figs 17E , 18A–B ). Supplementary description. Male in ethanol (ADSH59502; Fig. 27A–D ). Carapace medially pale brownish, with paired lateral longitudinal white stripes extending along the entire length of carapace, medially clothed with fine black appressed setae; thoracic part laterally black. Eye region, clypeus, chelicerae, endites, labium brownish; sternum, spinnerets pale brownish; dorsum of opisthosoma brownish, anterolaterally with short, narrow longitudinal white bands and longitudinal rows of small white spots followed by two pairs of broad yellowish patches and a median longitudinal row of four broad yellowish patches arranged in decreasing order of size ( Fig. 27A ); venter and sides straw coloured, with small chalk-white spots on venter; leg and pedipalp segments pale brownish to brownish with black patches and annulations. Thoracic fovea reddish brown, long (0.61), straight, longitudinal ( Fig. 27A ). Cheliceral inner and outer surfaces with stridulatory files; promargin provided with a series of long setae with bend tips, pro- and retromargins with three teeth ( Fig. 27C ). Sternum provided with scattered greyish black setae, with a broad median longitudinal black band ( Fig. 27B ). Opisthosoma elongate-ovoid, hirsute, cardiac area marked with a brownish patch ( Fig. 27A ). Spinnerets hirsute ( Fig. 27D ). Legs long, slender, hirsute, spinose; metatarsi I–II with distal and all tarsi with complete scopulae, all well-developed. Body length 12.03. Carapace 5.61 long, 4.28 wide. Opisthosoma 6.42 long, 2.84 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.21, AME 0.27, PLE 0.29, PME 0.43; AME–ALE 0.07, AME–AME 0.06, AME–PME 0.14, PLE–PLE 1.02, PME–PLE 1.04, PME–PME 0.27. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.32, at ALEs 0.31. Length of chelicerae 2.77. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 7.97 [2.81, 1.33, 1.68, 2.15], I 23.38 [5.93, 2.53, 5.09, 6.42, 3.41], II 22.55 [5.87, 2.50, 4.78, 6.23, 3.17], III 20.83 [5.31, 2.30, 4.29, 6.36, 2.57], IV 28.51 [6.80, 2.53, 5.98, 9.36, 3.84]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of pedipalp: femur pld 1 do 2 rld 1, patella pld 1 do 1 rld 1, tibia spineless, tarsus/cymbium spineless; legs: femur I pld 2 do 3 rld 3, II–III pld 3 do 3 rld 3, IV pld 3 do 3 rld 1; patellae I–IV pld 1 do 2 rld 1; tibia I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, II pl 1 pld 1 plv 2 rl 1 rlv 3, III pld 2 plv 2 do 1 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, IV pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rld 2 rlv 3; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rld 2 rlv 3 vt 1, II pld 3 plv 3 rld 2 rlv 3 vt 1, III pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, IV pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 4 vt 1; tarsi I–IV spineless. Pedipalp ( Figs 28A–D , 29A–C ): segments hirsute; cymbium proximally wide, gradually narrowing towards apex, without apical claw-like macrosetae, distoventrally provided with bunch of long hairs with bend tips ( Fig. 28A–C ). Tegulum large, occupying more than half of the ventral side of bulb ( Figs 28A–C , 29A; T ); tegular groove less evident ventrally, with short lamellate process visible only in retrolateral view; tegular stalk not visible ( Figs 28B–C , 29A–B ; LT, TG); tegular process broad, triangular being covered by conductor ( Figs 28B , 29A ; RTP). Subtegulum small, subglobular, basoprolaterally located ( Figs 28A–B , 29A ; ST). Palea moderately broad, widely oval, moderately sclerotised ( Figs 28B–C , 29A–C ; Pa). Synembolus short, with slight curvature, arising on ventroprolateral margin of palea, with smoothly rounded tip ( Figs 28B, D , 29C ; Se). Tegular apophysis broad, medially originating, with long retrolaterally oriented anterior arm having distal part with flat, circular and narrow dorsally directed parts, with angular tip, with ventroretrolaterally directed mesal arm with round tip ( Figs 28A–B , 29A–B ; AT, MT, TA). Conductor broad, hyaline, with prolaterally oriented distal part ( Figs 28B–C , 29A–B; C ). Embolus long, thin, straight with hook-like distal curvature, concealed by distal part of tegulum, with broad embolic base, with chisel-shaped tip ( Figs 28B–D , 29A–C; E , EB). Female in ethanol (ADSH59502; Fig. 27E–H ). Like the male, except by the following: carapace medially with a straight white stripe extending from PMEs up to rear end of thoracic fovea. Eye region, clypeus, endites, labium, sternum, spinnerets pale brownish; dorsum and sides of opisthosoma greyish black, venter creamy-white without chalk-white spots. Thoracic fovea comparatively long (1.01) ( Fig. 27E ). Dorsum of opisthosoma midlongitudinally provided with a pair of broad creamy-white patches ( Fig. 27E ), dorsum and sides provided with scattered black spots and stripes, venter laterally provided with longitudinally arranged black spots and patches. Body length 18.54. Carapace 8.45 long, 6.26 wide. Opisthosoma 10.09 long, 6.08 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.27, AME 0.34, PLE 0.42, PME 0.49; AME–ALE 0.19, AME–AME 0.25, AME–PME 0.49, PLE–PLE 1.53, PME–PLE 0.54, PME–PME 0.51. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.74, at ALEs 0.69. Length of chelicerae 3.63. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 9.92 [3.44, 1.73, 2.06, 2.69], I 25.74 [7.36, 3.43, 5.52, 5.85, 3.58], II 25.16 [7.27, 3.53, 5.23, 5.78, 3.35], III 24.33 [7.06, 3.19, 4.89, 6.36, 2.83], IV 32.97 [8.87, 3.37, 6.90, 10.01, 3.82]. Spination of palp: femur pld 1 do 4 rld 1, patella pld 1 do 2, tibia pl 1 pld 1 rld 1, tarsus pld 1 plv 2 rl 1 rlv 1; legs: tibia I pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 1 plv 3 do 2 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 1; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3. Genitalia ( Figs 28E–G , 29D–E ): epigyne clothed in bushy setae ( Fig. 28E ), with triangular lateral plates being connected to less developed median plate ( Figs 28F , 29D ; MEP, LEP). Spermathecal stalks short, with broad proximal and narrow distal parts, proximal part being partly covered by lateral pockets ( Fig. 29E ; LP, SS). Accessory glands apparently absent. Spermathecae elongate-ovoid ( Figs 28G , 29E; S ). Fertilization ducts anteriorly directed ( Fig. 29E ; FD).