Bioacoustics of Hemigryllus

Redescription. In addition to the characters of the subfamily. Body moderately robust, surface with pilose texture. Coloration ochre with brown spots and stripes ( Figs. 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 12 ). Head slightly narrower than pronotum in dorsal view ( Figs. 2C , 7C , 10C ), higher than wide in frontal view, vertex rounded ( Figs. 2A , 7A , 10A ). Eyes ovoid, little protruding; ocelli ovoid ( Figs. 2A , 7A , 10A ). Antennal sockets located little down at the middle level of the lateral margin of the eyes. Clypeus base rectangular and narrow, the posterior section narrower and longer; labrum ovoid ( Figs. 2A , 7A , 10 A ). Maxillary palps mid-sized, first and second subequal in size and cylindrical; third as long as the first and second together; fourth slightly smaller than the third, last segment with apical oblique truncation ( Figs. 7B , 10B ). Mandibles symmetric and normally developed ( Figs. 2A , 7A , 10 A ). Thorax. Pronotal disc wider than long, covered by few and short hairs; anterior margin concave, posterior margin broader than the anterior one, with the mid-section undulate ( Figs. 2C , 7C , 10C ); lateral lobes square as wide as high, all margins almost straight ( Figs. 2B , 7B , 10B ). Prosternum unarmed, triangular-shaped, with the posterior margin constricted; mesosternum quadrangular with posterior margin forming two rounded-angled lobes; metasternum almost as wide as mesosternum, slightly expanded and subcircular, posterior margin straight. Meso- and metanotum without glandular pits. Legs covered with abundant hairs, the dorsal and ventral margins of the fore and middle tibiae with bristles projecting from the hairs. Femora without spines; fore tibia short, with a tympanum ovoid and elongated, only on the inner side, apex with two inner ones, dorsal inner spur is the longest ( Figs. 2D , 7D , 10D ); outer apex with one spur, shorter than the inner ones, the inner face of the spurs are excavated ( Figs. 2E , 7E , 10E ). First and second tarsomeres of the first pair of legs covered by bristles, mainly on the ventral side ( Figs. 2E , 7E , 10E ). Mid tibia with two apical sharp spurs similar in size on each side; first and second tarsomere covered by bristles, although less dense compared to the foreleg tarsi, last tarsomere of mid-leg unarmed and with a dorsal furrow. Hind tibia dorsally wide, with four long pubescent subapical spurs on each dorsal margin, and three apical spurs at the apex on both sides ( Figs. 2F , 7F , 10F ); first tarsomere wide, with a dorsal furrow and spines along dorsal margins, and at apex armed with a spur on each side, the longest is the inner one ( Figs. 2G , 7G , 10G ). Wings. Tegmina and hind wings developed; tegmina reaching apex of the abdomen or slightly exceeding it, subrectangular and with rounded posterior edge. Hind wings extending well beyond the abdomen. Tegmina with anal area well-developed, PCuP vein confluent into AA vein; AA and AP veins normally developed, rarely with an additional vein arising between AA and PCuP veins. Stridulatory vein (PCuA) straight. Harp crossed by three or four veins; mirror rather long, divided or not ( Figs. 2H , 7H , 10H ). Apical area long, exceeding the mirror and chordal area length; the transverse veins connect with the longitudinal ones, forming cells, giving the appearance of a reticulated venation to the area. Lateral field with 9 to 14 veins ( Figs. 2H , 7H , 10H ). Abdomen. Tergites without modification or specialization. Supra-anal plate subtriangular, with the posterior margin generally rounded; cerci covered with abundant long hairs; subgenital plate usually rectangular, longer than wide, with the posterior margin truncated or rounded. Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallus semi-tubular shape, surrounding and covering entirely or partially the pseudepiphallic parameres, tapering towards the apex and curving upward. Pseudepiphallic median lobe with a central incision in dorsal view, and the ventral margins generally undulated and setose. Pseudepiphallic paramere quadrangular at the base and usually with a thinner process that extends distally. Ectophallic fold moderately sclerotized, very small, and practically fused with ectophallic apodemes, not extending beyond the apex of the pseudepiphallic paramere. Ectophallic apodeme of medium size, projecting posteriorly. Rami in dorsal or ventral views, almost straight and separated at apex; in lateral view, ribbon-shaped and curving slightly upwards. Endophallic sclerite and endophallic cavity undeveloped ( Figs. 3 , 8 , 11 ). Female. As the male in appearance and coloration ( Figs. 4A , 5A , 12A ). Dorsal field of the tegmina with numerous transverse veins ( Figs. 4B , 5B , 10B ). Supra-anal plate subtriangular, with the posterior margin usually rounded. Ovipositor of female notably reduced, covered mainly by the subgenital plate, or slightly protruding; valves reduced and spine-like, not close together as in other crickets, and not conspicuously diverging ( Figs. 4D, 4E ). Subgenital plate rectangular, wider than long, posterior margin rounded or wavy ( Fig. 4C ).