Bioacoustics of Guaranisaria llanoi

Flying song A series of short echemmes resembling ‘snaps’, lasting 0.161 ± 0.035 ( 0.061 –0.241 ) seconds, similar to the flying song of C. diardi . Overall, there are 23 ± 3 (16–28) syllables emitted, lasting approximately 0.173 ± 0.042 ( 0.097 –0.253 ) seconds. The peak frequency is 7.9 ± 1.4 (5.0–10.1) kHz. Calling song Produced when the male lands on a Gravatá ( Eryngium horridum Malme , Apiaceae ) without a female present. This signal can be divided into two parts. The first part of the signal, referred to as ‘part A’, consists of a single echemme lasting 0.035 ± 0.003 ( 0.031 –0.043 ) seconds, separated by a brief interval from the next part. The second part of the signal, ‘part B’, is an echeme with a series of syllables, lasting 0.104 ± 0.084 ( 0.024 –0.238 ) seconds. It has a peak frequency of 9.3 ± 0.8 (7.8–10.1) kHz, lasting approximately 0.035 ± 0.003 ( 0.031 –0.043 ) and 0.104 ± 0.084 ( 0.024 –0.238 ) seconds for parts A and B, respectively. Stress call A series of long-duration echemmes, but there is no defined rhythm as this signal depends on the organism’s stress level. It comprises about 119.8 ± 43 (86–203) syllables per echemme, lasting 0.666 ± 0.621 (0.22–1.7) seconds. The signal presents frequencies distributed in a broad-range frequency of F1, F2, and F3. F1 is at 6.6 ± 0.35 (6.1–7.1) kHz, F2 at 7.4 ± 0.24 (7.2–7.8) kHz, and F3 at 8.5 ± 0.2 (8.2–8.6) kHz.

The species has a rich and diverse repertoire ( Fig. 6 ), presenting four signals, namely the flying song ( N = 6), calling song ( N = 6), courtship song ( N = 2), and wing-flick ( N = 2), the last emitted by females. The species has a period of activity between 10 a.m. and 2 p. m., when the environmental temperature is at the highest, between 20°C and 21°C. The flying song ( Fig. 6A ) is composed, on average, by a train of 23 ± 3 (16–28) clicks. During the emission of this signal, the males perform a low and fast flight, less than 1 m high. The interval between syllables presents values of 0.173 ± 0.042 s ( 0.097 –0.253 s). The calling song ( Fig. 6B ) is produced when the male lands on a Gravatá that does not have a female. This signal can be divided into two parts. The first part of the signal, called ‘part A’, consists of a single echeme, lasting 0.035 ± 0.003 s ( 0.031 –0.043 s), spaced by a brief interval from the next part. The second part of the signal, ‘part B’, is an echeme with a series of syllables, lasting 0.104 ± 0.084 s ( 0.024 –0.238 s) ( Fig. 6D ). The last syllables have a higher emission rate and amplitude, and no differences were found between different sessions of this signal (Mann–Whitney test, U = 33, P >.05). The courtship song is emitted when the male lands on a Gravatá with a female. This signal, similar to the calling song, also has two parts. The first, ‘part A’, has two or three echemes, with two or three syllables, lasting 0.041 ± 0.04 s ( 0.009 –0.141 s), spaced by a brief interval. The ‘part B’ has larger notes, lasting 0.082 ± 0.02 s ( 0.038 –0.153 s), as well as a greater number of syllables. This part, similar to part B of the calling song, also has a higher emission rate in the final syllables. Significant differences were found between the different sessions of the courtship song (Mann–Whitney test, U = 2238.5, P <.05). During courtship, there are times when the male moves away and approaches the female. Female responds positively to the male, emitting a series of wing-flicks, which are brief clicks with the wings, totalling two syllables, while the male approaches the female again. When the male is close, the female stops emitting this signal. A female emitted this sound after an involuntary mechanical stimulus on the Gravatá, suggesting a relevant female role in acoustic communication. When comparing signals from the G. llanoi repertoire, we obtained significant differences when comparing peak frequencies (ANOVA, one-way, F = 99.43, P <.05) and echeme duration (ANOVA, one-way, F = 145.3, P <.05). We also found significant differences between all comparisons using the Mann–Whitney test ( P <.05) (Supporting Information, Tables S1 and S 2 ).