Bioacoustics of Carinetini

Diagnosis. The tribe was erected based on the following set of characters: a pronotum that is shorter than the mesonotum and distinctly narrowed anteriorly with oblique lateral pronotal margins that are not ampliate, a more or less robust body narrowed towards the head and apex of the abdomen, and hyaline fore wings and hindwings although the fore wings may be semi-opaque or infuscated (Distant 1905a). This generalized set of characters is no longer sufficient to distinguish members of the tribe so a more detailed diagnosis is provided here to compliment more recent tribal descriptions ( e . g . Marshall et al . 2018). Head including eyes narrow, less than width across lateral pronotal angles, may be wider or narrower than mesonotum; supra-antennal plates extending about half distance to eye; eyes protruding laterally from head; lateral ocelli widely spaced, distance between lateral ocelli about the distance between each lateral ocellus and eye; postclypeus dorsal length as long as or longer than dorsal vertex; postclypeus apex rounded in lateral view; postclypeus rounded in transverse cross section below head. Pronotum shorter than mesonotum, generally narrowed anteriorly with oblique lateral pronotal margins (lateral margins parallel in Toulgoetalna ); weakly developed paranota on lateral pronotal collar, adpressed to pronotal sclerites; mid lateral tooth absent. Mesonotum and metanotum lacking auxiliary soundproducing structures (a few genital stridulatory organs in Carineta ); scutellum cruciform. Opercula size species specific, ranging from small, finger-like extension covering part of tympanal cavity to inflated structure extending over anterior abdominal sternites completely concealing tympanal cavity; meracanthus well developed, triangular, not encapsulated completely by operculum. Fore leg femora with three well developed spines and small apical spine; hindcoxae lacking a large inner protuberance. Fore wings and hindwings generally hyaline, partially semi-opaque, infuscated or bronzed in some species. Fore wing pterostigma present; costal vein about twice the width of and contiguous to radius + subcostal vein; radius anterior vein 1 diverging from subcostal vein at distal node; fore wing median and cubitus anterior veins unfused and widely separated at basal cell; fore wing cubitus posterior and anal vein 1 partially fused; fore wing cubitus anterior vein 1 divided by mediocubital crossvein so that proximal section shortest. Hindwing distal end of cubital cell 1 wider than distal end of cubital cell 2, ranging from slightly longer to as much as five times longer; hindwing radius posterior and median veins fused at their bases. Male abdominal tergites with sides convex in cross section; anterior tergites parallel (male tergites 2–4 significantly constricted in Toulgoetalna ); tergites 4–7 tapering to genitalia; epipleurites not reflexed to ventral surface. Timbals extend below level of wing bases; timbal covers absent, partially turned back ridge on posterior timbal cavity in some Carineta . Pygofer dorsal beak present; distal shoulder undeveloped; upper lobe present; basal lobe well developed, basal lobe appendages can be elaborate in some species. Uncus absent; claspers present, may be well developed, claspers may meet posterior to the anal tube giving the appearance of an uncus with a median suture. Aedeagus with simple theca, restrained by claspers; conjunctival claws absent; pseudoparameres absent. Distinguishing features. Members of the Carinetini can be distinguished from the remaining Cicadettinae tribes by having a combination of the following characteristics: a head not as wide as the lateral angles of the pronotal collar, the supra-antennal plate extends about half the distance to the eye, the lack of a ventrally angularly swollen postclypeus, pronotal margins that are not laterally ampliate, cruciform elevation not very narrow but of normal proportion, the fore wing costal margin is not widest at the node, fore wing radius anterior 1 vein not diverging distally from subcosta, fore wing hind margin not very narrow but of normal proportion, subapical portion of male opercula not enlarged towards the body, the abdominal length is about the same as the distance between the apex of the postclypeus and the posterior cruciform elevation, the male abdomen with parallel sides at the base, is not inflated, does not have a circular crosssection, and lacks a dorsal crest, timbals that extend below the wing bases, the presence of a dorsal beak, the anal tube lacks lateral lobes, the upper pygofer lobe is not superimposed over the basal pygofer lobe and not positioned on the distal half of the pygofer, the basal pygofer lobe does not originate in the distal half of the pygofer, the presence of ornamented basal pygofer appendages, the theca lack pseudoparameres, and the aedeagus that is not S-shaped, not apically bifurcated, or possessing several apical and subapical processes or conjunctival claws.