Bioacoustics of Glenognatha

Description: Total length 1.25–4.60 males, 1.40–4.80 females. Carapace longer than wide, 0.62–2.4 long in males and 0.61–2.05 long in females; pale yellow to dark brown ( Figs. 14 A , 19 A , 38 A , 45 A , 75 A ). Sternum as wide as long and prolonged between coxae in some species ( Figs. 25C , 31C , 50C , 56C , 60C ). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long, and rebordered. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller. Clypeus height 1.10—3.21. Chelicerae large, sexually dimorphic, with 3–5 promarginal teeth and 3–10 retromarginal teeth ( Figs. 20 , 46 , 51 , 57 , 81 , 86, 101, 115, 127). Cheliceral teeth numbers vary widely particularly on the retromargin, with some specimens presenting asymmetric teeth counts. Cheliceral boss well developed. Cheliceral fangs long and in some species with a well-developed retrolateral outgrowth ( Figs. 39 A , 46 A , 51 A , 68B , 90E ). Legs without spines (except in G. hirsutissima ), slightly longer in males than in females. Femur I length varies from 0.75 to 3.45 in males and from 0.67 to 3.4 in females. Leg formula I>II>IV>III. Femora dorsal surface with one to six trichobothria ( Figs. 30G , 44 A ). Glenognatha foxi , G . heleios , G . iviei and G . spherella lack trichobothria on femur III and IV. Tibia dorsal surface with four to ten trichobothria ( Figs. 30H , 44E ). Metatarsi I, II and III, first half, with one trichobothrium longer than the diameter of the article (two in G. hirsutissima ). Metatarsus IV without trichobothria except in G. florezi (one trichobothrium), G . camisea (one), G . gouldi (one), G. emertoni (one) and G. hirsutissima (two). Abdomen oval to spherical. Dorsal pattern usually with disperse silver guanine patches combined with irregular dark longitudinal bands. Lateral surface also covered with a similar pattern of guanine deposits and dark bands. Ventral surface usually with a pale black median band and irregular silver guanine patches. Posterior tracheal spiracle wider than long and anteriorly displaced. Tracheal spiracle glands occupying both sides of the atrium and the basal region of the median trunks ( Figs. 12F , 24D , 41F , 48J , 83E , 92L , 103H , 129I ). ALS with more than 12 piriform spigots ( Figs. 17F , 24F , 30D , 55D , 63E , 64F , 103I , 121H ). PMS with one to five aciniform spigot between the cylindrical and the minor ampullate spigot ( Figs. 13D , 17G , 24G , 30E , 55E , 103J , 121I ), nubbin posterior to the mAP. PLS with 4 to 25 AC spigots on both sexes ( Figs. 13E , 17H , 24H , 30F , 49L , 63G , 103K , 121J ). Females AG–FL triplet anterior to the AC spigots and almost parallel with the anterior CY spigot ( Figs. 24H , 53I , 63G , 103K , 121J , 129L ), except in G . florezi that lacks the triplet ( Fig. 17H ). PLS triplet also present in adult males ( Figs. 30F , 49L , 55F , 64H , 104L ), except in G . boraceia , G . lacteovittata and G . florezi ( Figs. 13E , 24K ). Epiandrous fusules usually four, arranged in a transverse line ( Figs. 30C , 43B , 49M , 55B , 64D , 79D , 104H ), although some species have up to eleven fusules such as in G . florezi ( Fig. 18H ). Male palpal tibia as long as wide ( Figs. 91 A , 95 A , 107 A , 112 A ) or longer ( Figs. 47 A , 52 A , 58 A , 62 A ), with three to six trichobothria on its ventral and retrolateral surfaces. Cymbium elongated with a swollen apical portion and a conspicuous tarsal organ ( Figs. 18 A , 22E , 27E , 28F , 47E , 70K , 79C , 104 A ). Paracymbium with two perpendicular portions, as seen in retrolateral view ( Figs. 11H , 27H , 47H , 49B , 99H , 128H ). Tegulum spherical, with a distal depression where the embolus and the conductor rest. Embolus surrounding the conductor base. Embolic medial groove limited to the inner surface of the embolus ( Figs. 13 A , 18 A , 23D ) or extended towards its outer surface ( Figs. 28H , 49F , 54 A , 64B , 74F , 92F , 97 A , 109 A ). Embolus surface smooth or with filiform ( Fig. 23G, N, P ), tooth-like ( Fig. 16D , 23P ) or scale-like projections ( Fig. 54L ). Conductor emerging from the center of the tegulum as a cylindrical tube that bends towards the center of the tegulum and flattens into a lamina. The conductor lamina has its apical portion folded and carries a conspicuous prolaterally folded retrolateral apophysis ( Figs. 18B , 23F, L , 28F , 54C , 79C , 84E , 92G ). Embolus partially enclosed by the apical fold of the conductor lamina and the prolaterally folded retrolateral apophysis ( Figs. 18B , 23F , 28F , 43H , 70H , 79C , 97D ). Female external genitalia slit-shaped with sclerotized edges. Internal genitalia haplogyne, with the following structures: a membranous chamber, a large uterus externus and a pair of copulatory ducts leading to the spermathecae ( Figs. 12 A –B , 17 A –E , 23 A –C , 28 A –C , 53 A –E , 70 A –E , 92 A –E , 129 A –C ). The membranous chamber has filiform projections on its lateral borders that serve as muscle attachment points ( Figs. 48D , 53E ). In some species the spermathecae and copulatory ducts are absent ( Figs. 12 A –B , 17 A –E , 53B–E , 121 A –C ) (see also Cabra-García et al. 2014 ). Composition: Glenognatha currently includes 27 species: G. argyrostilba ( Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 ) n. comb. G. australis ( Keyserling, 1883 ) , G. dentata ( Zhu & Wen, 1978 ) n. comb. , G. emertoni Simon, 1887 , G. foxi ( McCook, 1894 ) , G. gaujoni Simon, 1895 , G. globosa (Petrunkevitch, 1925) , G. gloriae ( Petrunkevitch, 1930 ) , G. heleios Hormiga, 1990 , G. hirsutissima ( Berland, 1935 ) , G . iviei Levi, 1980 , G. lacteovittata ( Mello-Leitão, 1944 ) , G. minuta Banks, 1898 , G. smilodon Bosmans & Bosselaers, 1994 , G. spherella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 , G. tangi ( Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 ) n. comb. and 11 new species described herein.