Bioacoustics of Episyron

Distribution. All major zoogeographic regions. Key to the species of the genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 from China Females 1 Hind tibia mostly black, outer surface with yellow spots basally (Figs 6 A , 7 A , 8 A ) 2 – Hind tibia mostly reddish (Figs 1 A , 2 A , 3 A , 4 A , 5 A , 9 A , 10 A , 11 A , 12 A , 13 A , 14 A ) 3 2 Apical marginal band of fore wing narrow, not including SMC 2 (Fig. 6 E ); median comb spine of fore metatarsus comparatively long, as long as its maximum width; spines of legs black (Fig. 6 F ) E. arrogans ( Smith, 1873 ) – Apical marginal band of fore wing very broad, covering apical SMC 2 and whole of SMC 3 (Fig. 8 E ); median comb spine of fore metatarsus comparatively short, scarcely half as long as its maximum width (Fig. 8 F ); spines of legs pale brown (Fig. 8 A ) E. latimarginatus Tsuneki, 1989 3 Tarsomere 1 with four long flattened outer spines, slightly widening or almost parallel-sided toward subapex (Figs 3 F , 9 F ) 4 – Tarsomere 1 with three long flattened outer spines or three medium length, cylindrical tapering outer spines (Figs 1 F , 4 F , 6 F , 8 F , 11 F ) 5 4 POD : OOD = 1.34–1.67; MID 1.85–1.89 times eye width (Fig. 3 B ); tegulae and metasoma without spots or bands (Fig. 3 A, D ) E. immaculatus Song & Ma, sp. nov. – POD : OOD = 1.18–1.33; MID 2.48–3.11 times eye width (Fig. 9 B ); tegulae and metasoma with yellow spots or bands (Fig. 9 A, D ) E. rufipes ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) 5 Comb spine of fore metatarsus comparatively short, length less than twice metatarsus maximum width (Fig. 13 F ) 6 – Comb spine of fore metatarsus comparatively long, length exceeding twice metatarsus maximum width (Figs 1 F , 4 F , 11 F ) 7 6 Apical third of all femora, all of tibiae, spurs, tarsomere 1 and spines, tarsomere 2 partly yellowish or brown (Fig. 13 A ); T 2 –6 each with orange marks or band; squamiform pubescence on Tl coppery (Fig. 13 A, D ) E. vagabundus hopponis ( Matsumura, 1912 ) – Mid and hind legs black; Tl, 2 and 5 yellow maculated; squamiform pubescence on Tl silvery, mixed with weak bluish sheen E. rufotibialis Tsuneki, 1989 7 Antenna 1-4 (5) fulvous; mesosoma in large part fulvous, basal T 2 –3 with wide yellow or fulvous band, T 4–6 almost entirely fulvous; basal S 1 –4 more or less black, S 4–6 almost entirely fulvous (Fig. 1 A ) E. fulvimaculatus Song & Li, sp. nov. – Antenna black; mesosoma in large part black, only some terga have yellow spots and bands (Figs 4 A , 11 A ) 8 8 Fore tarsus with long flattened spines; fore femora apically, most mid and hind femora (all or outer), fore tibia (all or outer), mid and hind tibia reddish (Fig. 4 A ); F 1 length 4.4–4.9 times its maximum width E. albonotatum ( Vander Linden, 1827 ) – Fore tarsus with cylindrical tapering outer spines; fore and mid legs black, hind tibia reddish (apically black) (Fig. 11 A ); F 1 length 7.13–7.43 times its maximum width E. rufotibius Anju, Girish Kumar & Thejass, 2024 Males (males are unknown for E. immaculatus Song & Ma, sp. nov., E. latimarginatus Tsuneki, 1989 , and E. rufotibialis Tsuneki, 1989 ) 1 Hind tibia largely black (Fig. 7 A ) E. arrogans ( Smith, 1873 ) – Hind tibia partly reddish (Figs 2 A , 5 A , 10 A , 12 A , 14 A ) 2 2 Posterior margin of pronotum and mesonotum with yellow or fulvous band or spot (Figs 2 A , 14 A ) 3 – Posterior margin of pronotum and mesonotum without band or spot (Figs 5 A , 10 A , 12 A ) 4 3 Marks on T 2 - T 3 basolaterally and T 7 yellow brown or fulvous (Fig. 2 A ); F 1 length 1.42–1.64 times its maximum width E. fulvimaculatus Song & Li, sp. nov. – Marks on T 3 basolaterally (usually concealed) and T 7 yellow (Fig. 14 A ); F 1 length 2.11–2.32 times its maximum width E. vagabundus hopponis ( Matsumura, 1912 ) 4 Pterostigma elongated, its posterior margin parallel to anterior (Figs 10 E , 12 E ) 5 – Pterostigma not elongated, its posterior margin rounded (Fig. 5 E ) E. albonotatum ( Vander Linden, 1827 ) 5 Mid legs black, hind tibia reddish (apically black); spur white; squamiform pubescence usually with bluish or yellow – green sheen (Fig. 12 A, D ) E. rufotibius Anju, Girish Kumar & Thejass, 2024 – Apical mid femora, half of hind femora and mid and hind tibiae reddish; spur brown; squamiform pubescence usually brown (Fig. 10 A, D ) E. rufipes ( Linnaeus, 1758 )