Bioacoustics of Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius

Description, male holotype . Body color . The specimen designated as a holotype was reared in the laboratory, thus receiving light during observation periods, what caused an increase in tegumentar pigmentation when compared to individuals from natural populations inhabiting an aphotic zones: dorsal head, pronotum and right tegmen yellowish-orange pale ( Figs 47–52 ), white ventrally, abdomen yellow pale ( Figs 52–53 ), entire legs brownish, except femora base whitish which is more advanced and pale in comparison to E . ( P .) didymus n. sp. ( Figs 56–59 ), cerci uniformly yellow pale. Head ( Figs 47–49 ), thorax ( Figs 50, 52, 56–59 ) and abdomen ( Figs 52–55 ) with morphological description similar to E . ( P .) didymus n. sp . as shown in the figures ( Figs 8–9, 10, 12 , 16–19 , 13–15 ). Differing only in the following characteristics: head less elongated in frontal view ( 3.7 mm length and 2.9 mm width); gena, clypeus, frons, labrum, mandibles, maxilar and labial palpomeres more whitish in conparasion to E . ( P .) didymus n. sp. ; compound eyes with unpigmented ommatidia ( Figs 47–49 ). Thorax . Pronotum more pubescent compared to E . ( P .) didymus n. sp . ( Figs 50 and 52 ). Right tegmen ( Figs 51, 60 ), mirror oval with two crossveins and three cells; harp with three well marked crossveins, and four cells, the first proximal cell has two small reticular veins in diagonal; lateral field marked by 11 reticular accessory veins bifurcated and connected by retucular veins to each other; basal field with veins 1A, 2A and 3A well-marked, with two secondary veins connected to CU 2 , the second is less distinct; 3A veins bifurcated ( Figs 51 and 60 ); stridulatory file with 64 teeth. Abdomen : cerci shorter ( 12.1 mm ± 1.9 mm ); supranal and subgenital plate unpigmented ( Figs 53–55 ). Observations in Paratypes Male phallic sclerites ( paratype , ISLA 43342, Figs 41–46 , 79, 85 ). The morphological description of this structure is similar to E. ( P. ) didymus n. sp. , however, has the following differences: phallic complex slightly wider ( Figs 41, 46 ). Pseudepiphallus: arm more curved inward ( Fig. 41 , Ps.Arm); pseudepiphallic dorsal projections more curved inward and closer to each other ( Figs 41, 45–46 , Ps.db); pseudepiphallic sclerite inner bars forming a dorsal arc, with each bar projected straight to the median region, and not fused with each other ( Fig. 43 , Ps.ib). Ectophallic invagination : ectophallic lateral bar slightly inclined ( Figs 45 , Ect.lb). Endophallus: apodeme a little more dilated ( Fig. 45 , End.Sc.a, yellow arrow indicates the apodeme). Variations in phallic sclerites ( paratypes , n = 3, ISLA 43342; 77745 and 77746; Figs 78–80, 84–86 ). It presents the same types of variations highlighted for the size and the ectophallic apodeme (Ect.Ap) in E. ( P. ) didymu s n. sp . Furthermore, the internal angle average of the pseudepiphallic dorsal branch calculated from the proximal to the distal portion, close to sixty degrees (59.55° ± 3.29°) ( Figs 78–80 ); dorsal field of pseudepiphallic arm pronounced ( 0.056 mm 2 ± 0.013 mm 2 , n = 3) ( Figs 84–86 ). E. ( P. ) didymus n. sp. (22–24.5°C) PD SP/P SPD PPS SPP DF W/FPSP W/SPSP MED. 10.888 (n°= 40) 12.175 (n°= 40) 0.080 (n°= 40) 2 0.973 (n°= 40) 3.477 (n°= 40) 41.234 (n°= 47) 44.297 (n°= 47) D.P. 5.230 (n°= 40) 5.728 (n° = 40) 0.004 (n°= 40) 2 0.303 (n°= 40) 0.108 (n°= 40) 10.538 (n°= 47) 12.899 (n°= 47) Min.–Max. (6.020– 24.340) (6–30) (0.072– 0.089) – (0.429– 1.584) (3.290– 3.610) (24–57) (21–59) E . ( P. ) troglobius n. sp. (21.5–23.9°C) PD SP/P SPD PPS SPP DF W/FPSP W/SPSP MED. 18.404 (n°= 28) 12.038 (n°= 28) 0.097 (n°= 39) 2 1.790 (n°= 39) 3.952 (n°= 39) 46.065 (n°= 46) 49.217 (n°= 39) D.P. 9.175 (n°= 28) 5.871 (n°= 28) 0.011 (n°= 39) 2 0.489 (n°= 39) 0.067 (n°= 39) 9.659 (n°= 46) 8.321 (n°= 39) Min.–Max. (4.59–42.9) (4–30) (0.011– 0.078) – (0.930– 2.345) (3.840– 4.040) (24–61) (32–60) Species/Homologues 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X SM SM SM M SM A SM M SM SM/M* M E. ( P. ) didymus n. sp. 20 22.2 31.7 38.3 34.1 8.3 34.4 43.3 31.7 42.3 SM SM SM M SM A SM M SM SM/M* M E. ( P .) troglobius n. sp. 26.1 23.9 31.9 38.6 35.1 6.7 30.4 47.3 29.1 42.7 ♂ 77744 12339 12337 77745 77476 43342 Med. D.P. Head width 2.90 2.87 2.99 2.94 2.90 3.20 2.97 0.12 Head length 3.77 3.78 4.00 4.00 3.79 4.22 3.93 0.18 Femur III 10.80 10.62 absent 10.96 10.56 11.36 10.86 0.32 Tibia III 10.82 11.56 absent 11.20 10.78 12.36 11.34 0.65 Intraocular 1.47 1.36 1.49 1.50 1.47 1.66 1.49 0.10 Rright tegmina h* 4.38 4.11 4.63 4.41 4.57 4.38 4.41 0.18 Right tegmina v* 5.81 5.65 6.22 5.65 6.00 6.18 5.92 0.25 Body 17.38 16.16 16.95 16.56 17.78 14.62 16.57 1.12 Pronotum width 2.49 2.28 2.52 2.46 2.33 2.41 2.41 0.10 Pronotum length 4.25 3.82 4.12 4.35 4.13 4.18 4.14 0.18 Cerci lenghth 12.12 broken 14.24 broken 11.58 15.83 13.44 1.96 Pars stridens 64 60 78 65 64 71 67.00 6.45 (*) Measured in horizontal (h) and vertical (v) position Male right tegmen ( Figs 54-59 ) . Stridulatory file with 67 ± 6.4 teeth (n = 6); mirror : relatively conserved in this species ( Figs 61–63, 65 ); however, a small cell within the second distal cell may be present ( Fig. 64 ); harp : one to two poorly marked diagonal veins may be present among cells or ramifying the main crossvein, in the first distal or proximal cells ( Figs 61–62, 64–65 ); three to four well marked crossveins; basal field : one to two vertical or diagonal crossveins can be present, forming two small cells jointed with CU 2 ( Figs 63–64 ); reticular branches can be present between the veins 1A and 2A; lateral field : with well marked accessory crossvein bifurcated ( Figs 61, 64–65 ) or with many reticular veins distributed between well-marked veins ( Figs 62–63 ). Female : same size and coloration to the male (µ = 19.97 mm ± 0.38 mm ; n = 2) ( Fig. 99 ); supranal and subgenital plate whitish ( Figs 67 – 68 ); ovipositor shorter than the cerci (µ = 11.131 mm ± 0.221 mm ) ( Figs 66 – 70 ); the other structures have the same morphology observed to the females of E . ( P.) didymus n. sp. Female genitalia ( ISLA 43343). Copulatory papilla of similar morphology compared to E . ( P.) didymus n. sp. ( Fig. 71 ). Variations in copulatory papilla ( paratypes , n = 2, ISLA 46634 and 77747) similar to that observed in E . ( P.) didymus n. sp. ( Figs 72 – 73 ). Courtship song of Endecous troglobius n. sp. ( Fig. 74 , Tab. 3 ). Male sends intermittent phrases composed of 4 to 30 subphrases, varying from 4.6 to 43s, respectively, and subphrases ranging from 0.011 to 0.078s ; the subphrase period range from 0.9 to 2.3s ; and the number of sound waves show high variation comparing first and second pulses of the subphrase, 24–61 and 32–60, respectively. Chromosomes of E. troglobius n. sp. ( Fig. 36 ; Tab. 4 ). Diploid chromosome number of 2n = 21, X0 ♂ /XX ♀ , with the same chromosome morphology as E. ( P. ) didymus n. sp. as well as in secondary constrictions position and satellite size. There is same minor variation in the centromeric index among new species. Male and Female measurements. Tables 2 and 4 .

Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: phallic complex short, and wide in general view in comparison to E . ( P .) didymus n. sp. ( Figs 78–80, 84–86 ); pseudepiphallic membranous shield short ( Fig. 42 , Ps.ms); pseudepiphallic dorsal branch long, hook-shaped, rounded at apex, and with projections more curved inward and closer to each other in comparison to E . ( P .) didymus n. sp. ( Figs 41, 45–46 , Ps.db); pseudepiphallic arm field developed in comparison to E . ( P .) didymus n. sp. ( Figs 84–86 , blue slice); ectophallic arc well developed, U-shaped in ventral and previously inclined in dorsal view ( Fig. 43 , Ect.Arc); endophallus developed ( Figs 44–46 , End.Sc.a, yellow arrow indicates the apodeme); compound eyes with unpigmented ommatidia ( Figs 48–49 , 88 ); body is lighter than E . ( P .) didymus n. sp. ( Fig. 97 ); courtship song dominant frequence (DF) with an interval covering larger values compared to E . ( P .) didymus n. sp. , 3.8–4.0 kHz (max-min), n = 4 ( Tab. 3 ).