Bioacoustics of Cyriocosmus

Description The genus Cyriocosmus comprises small to medium-sized spiders, with total length 10 – 32 mm , excluding chelicerae and spinnerets. Carapace oval, uniformly coloured or with bicoloured pattern. Caput moderately domed. Eye tubercle oval, flattened, distinctly wider than longer, with eight eyes, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row slightly recurved in dorsal view, a group of strong setae present on the median anterior margin of the tubercle. Clypeus absent to very narrow. Fovea transverse, straight to slightly procurved. Chelicerae without rastellum and stridulatory bristles, with teeth on promargin (7 – 10), first basal teeth are complemented with granulation. Labium domed, wider than longer, with 30 – 100 cuspules in anterior third, maxillae with 100 – 360 cuspules in basal half on ventral side, maxillary lobe pronounced into conical process. Variability in number of labial and maxillary cuspules in Cyriocosmus perezmilesi was described by Kaderka (2010) . Labiosternal groove distinct, shallow and flat, with two slightly separate or joined elongated sigilla. Sternum oval, with three pairs of small, oval sigilla located near coxae III, coxae II and coxae I, posteriorly separated from the margin approximately by their own diameter. Legs uniformly hirsute, with ( Figures 12b , 17b , 34 ) or without ( Figures 1b , 7 ) whitish or yellowish longitudinal striation on dorsal side. Leg pattern (from longest to shortest): I>IV>II>III in Cyriocosmus ritae or IV>I>II>III in all congeners. Leg segments: generally uniform to slightly incrassate on femur III. Incrassate tibia I is present in males of C. ritae only ( Figure 24b ). Dense scopulae on ventral side of all tarsi, metatarsi partly scopulate, scopulae more extended on anterior than on posterior legs. Tarsal scopulae I, II usually undivided, on tarsi III, IV usually divided by longitudinal band of setae. Retrolateral side of femur IV and prolateral side of femur I without pad of plumose setae. Maxillary and trochanteral stridulatory setae or bristles absent. Spination as in species descriptions. Dorsal side of all tarsi with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Paired tarsal claws without teeth, third claw absent in all tarsi. Claw tufts dense, bilobate, present on all tarsi. Abdomen uniformly coloured ( Figures 1b , 7 ) or with lateral stripes ( Figures 12b , 16c , 17b , 34 ). Urticating setae of type III ( Kaderka 2010 , figure 13) with very short reversed barbs are located in central semicircular ( Figure 13d ) to U-shaped glossy patch ( Figures 17b , 34 ) . Abdomen ventrally with ( Figures 16e , 23d ) or without dark longitudinal band. Four spinnerets present. PLS composed of three digitiform segments. PMS digitiform, mono-segmented. Male palpal organ: embolus with long ( Figure 26a – d ) or short PA ( Figures 25 , 26e – h , 32a – d ) and with smooth ( Figures 25a – d , 26e – h , 32a – d ) or crested PS keel (Fukushima et al. 2005, figures 1 – 4), PS keel is absent only in males of Cyriocosmus giganteus sp. nov. ( Figure 25g , h ). Apical keel is present only in Cyriocosmus versicolor and Cyriocosmus perezmilesi ( Figure 32g , h ; Fukushima et al. 2005, figures 1, 2). Tegulum with distinct granulated TP, projecting prolaterally ( Figure 25a – h ). Retrolateral face of cymbium with ( Figure 24a ) or without basal field of spiniform setae (in Fukushima et al. 2005 called ‘ spines ’ ). Palpal tibia with distinct ( Figures 2e , 5e , 18e ) or indistinct ( Figures 18c , 20f ) retrolateral process which is usually covered with numerous spiniform setae, absent in males of C. fernandoi , C. hoeferi sp. nov. , C. nogueiranetoi and C. versicolor . Two unequal tibial apophyses are present on tibia I ( Figures 27 , 28 ): a longer retrolateral tibial apophysis, usually with short apical spine and a shorter prolateral tibial apophysis usually with single, well-developed retrolateral spine at base. Metatarsus I not sigmoidly curved, without basal or median protuberance on retrolateral face, except the males of C. ritae having a median protuberance ( Figure 24b ). Male metatarsus I flexion between both tibial apophyses, except C. fernandoi and C. versicolor with flexion on retrolateral side of retrolateral tibial apophysis, C. pribiki on retrolateral tibial apophysis and C. ritae with flexion on prolateral tibial apophysis. Females with spermathecae composed of two separated spiral seminal receptacles, distally terminating with caliciform ( Figure 29a, f, g ) or globular extension ( Figure 29b, c, e, h ), with or without sclerotized basal plates. If present they can be flat ( Figure 29a, f ) or convex ( Figures 29c, g , 35a, b ).