Bioacoustics of Calipsalta fumosa

Measurements . Range and mean (in mm) for 10 males , 10 females (includes smallest and largest of available specimens). Length of body (including head): male 16.8–19.7 (18.1); female (including ovipositor) 16.3–21.5 (19.2). Length of forewing : male 18.5–21.4 (20.0); female 18.0–22.9 (21.1). Width of head (including eyes): male 5.1–5.5 (5.4); female 4.9–5.9 (5.5). Width of pronotum (across lateral angles): male 6.1–7.0 (6.4); female 5.8–7.2 (6.6). Distinguishing features . Light green cicadas in life. The forewing is lightly infuscated subapically, the venation is green becoming black distally, and the rostrum reaches about mid length of mid coxae. The male genitalia have pseudoparameres that are much longer than the length of the thecal shaft and a ventral support that is shorter than half the length of the pseudoparameres. The female ovipositor sheath is green in life and terminates about level with the anal styles and caudal beak. Calipsalta fumosa sp. n. can be distinguished from the closely similar C. viridans sp. n. by its infuscated forewings (lacking in C. viridans ). Discoloured individuals of C. fumosa that have turned brown after death might be confused with C. brunnea sp. n. but can be distinguished by their pale forewing costa that is dark brown to black in C. brunnea . This species is morphologically very similar to Cicadetta sp. F of Ewart & Popple (2001) and Ewart (2009) , but distinguishable by its song (see below). Song ( Figs 44a–d ). Recordings were examined from the type locality and the following paratype localities: NT.BHW, NT.ELB, NT.ESJ, NT.KIV, NT.ULG, and WA.KRR. The calling song consists of a train of sharp clicks or doublets that oscillates between slower and faster click rates at about 4.4–7.2 cycles/s and ends, after a brief silent gap of 0.03– 0.04 s , with an isolated syllable lasting about 0.03 s . Click rates vary from 100–30/s. Phrases may last longer than a minute. Most sound energy is found within the range 9–16 kHz, with a peak around 12 kHz. There is no frequency modulation. This song of Calipsalta fumosa is remarkably similar to that of Pedana hesperia sp. n. , which it substantially overlaps in all song parameters that we have measured. A more detailed study should examine the sharpness of the transition between slow and fast pulse rates, which may be reduced in Pedana . Calipsalta fumosa can be distinguished from its two congeners by the rate of oscillation between fast- and slow-pulse sections, which is slower in C. viridans sp. n. and faster in C. brunnea sp. n. Males call both during the day and at dusk. The morphologically similar “ Cicadetta sp. F ” described by Ewart & Popple (2001) and Ewart (2009) oscillates between fast- and slow-click song sections at about twice the rate of C. fumosa , approximately 12.5 cycles/s.