Bioacoustics of Agraeciini

1. Fastigium of vertex short, sharp but not curved forward ( Figs 2A , 3C , 6A, 6B )......................................2 Fastigium of vertex elongate, curved forward ( Figs 10A , 12C ); male subgenital plate with a tooth on each side adjacent to cercus ( Figs 10M ; 12P, Q )................................................ .. Barbaragraecia gen. et sp. nov. p. xx 2(1) Ovipositor ensiform, straight or gracefully upcurved......................................................... 3 Ovipositor falcate, either strongly directed upwards or gracefully arching......................................... 4 3(2) Colour green or brown, attenuate rainforest species; fore tibia with dark spots near auditory foramen........................................................................................... Greenagraecia gen. et sp. nov. p. xx Colour variable but not green; robust non-rainforest species; widespread in tropical Australia ......... Nicsara Walker , p. xx 4(2) Colour straw brown or light grey brown often with blue-green lines on frons and genae; living in or around grasses............................................................................................ Secsiva Walker 1869 Colours variable but not as above........................................................................ 5 5(4) Stridulatory region of tegmen wholly concealed underneath posterior margin of pronotum…..........................6 Stridulatory region of tegmen exposed, not concealed by pronotum.............................................. 8 6(5). Head with dark brown stripes or lines beneath eyes ( Figs 6A, C )................. .. Larifugagraecia Rentz & Su gen. nov. Head without stripes of markings on genae beneath eyes...................................................... 7 7(6) Size relatively small ( Table 1 ); male phallic complex with titillator enclosed in a hood and not apically acute ( Fig. 8J ).............................................................................. Geoffagraecia gen. et sp. nov. p. xx Size generally larger; male phallic complex with titillator not enclosed in a hood, apically acute (see Rentz & Su 2019 , Figs 4F , 6G ). Bateman’s Bay, NSW north to Daintree, Qld, including coastal islands...................... Austrosalomona Rentz 8(5) Colours mostly green or greenish yellow. Moderately large tettigoniids known from Cairns to Cape York and adjacent islands.................................................................................... Goodangarkia Rentz Colours brown or reddish brown. Very large tettigoniids known only from Iron Range and northern Islands in Australia , widespread in the Pacific region............................................................. Salomona Blanchard

Comments. This little katydid is often attracted to insects that come to lights. It can be observed feeding on small insects of a variety of taxa. Eggs are laid in bark cracks. This first instar is quite different from the adult, compare ( Figs. 5 A, 6A). Map 2. Known distribution of Ingrischagraecia iterika Rentz, Su, Ueshima gen. et sp. nov. Emeraldagraecia 5 Rentz, Su, Ueshima, gen. et sp. nov. Emeralds Type species: Emeraldagraecia munggarifrons Rentz, Su, Ueshima , gen. nov. , here designated. Differential diagnosis. This genus differs from all others in the Agraeciini in the overall, robust body shape, the form of the head with the conical, sharp, pustuliferus fastigium of the vertex, the saddle-shaped pronotum with its tuberculate margins and short tegmina and wings relative to the length of the body. The elongate male cercus, where known, and the heavy, elongate and upcurved female cercus and the quadrate indentation of the female subgenital plate are unique. General. Body robust to elongate, the thoracic region produced out of proportion to the rest of the body; fully winged in both sexes ( Figs. 11 A, E) but probably capable of gliding only. Head. Head not especially disproportionately large; frons flat ( Fig. 12 B), without tubercles or ridges. Fastigium of frons bituberculate or smooth depending on species; fastigium of vertex multi-tuberculate, anterior surface small and flat or not modified at all, depending on species, anterior margin with a ventral hook, apex acuminate. Eyes relatively small, round, diameter about the length of antennal scape; median and lateral ocelli not discernable. Scape of antenna with a blunt projection on internal apical margin; flagellum very thin, about 1.5x length of body. Thorax. Pronotum with surface irregular, cut by 2 sulci, lateral lobes tuberculate and rugulose; anterior margin 5. Named with reference to the glistening green colour of the species of the genus; feminine gender. smooth, median portion with weak concave indentation, posterior margin obtuse and smooth, however, some females have the margin of pronotum tuberculate; lateral lobe broader than deep, margins dentate and tuberculate ( Figs. 11 A, 13C). Thoracic auditory spiracle relatively large, ovoid, well hidden by lateral lobe of pronotum, internal margin naked. Sternum not concave; prosternum bearing a pair of widely spaced spines, meso- and metasterna unarmed but raised slightly. Wings. Tegmen extending beyond apex of abdomen to nearly apical three-quarters of hind tibia when extended ( Fig. 11 A); tegminal venation normal, anterior margin of tegmen produced at base as is costal field, tegmen narrowing to apex ( Fig. 12 A); costa absent, perhaps, as a short stem at base of tegmen, Sc and R close together and parallel for their entire length; Rs an, M and Cu ( Fig. 12 A); Rs without branches. Right stridulatory area with elongate fully developed mirror, without internal venation. Hind wing as long as tegmen. Legs. Legs moderately long for size of insect. Fore coxa armed with a robust spines, posterior margin with a prominent tubercle; fore femur cylindrical, swollen in basal portion, dorsal surface tuberculate ( Fig. 11 A), armed on both ventral margins. Fore tibia thin and cylindrical, swollen in region of auditory slits, unarmed; ventral surface with elongate sines on both margins, apex armed on both sides; tympanum bilaterally closed, with narrow, forwardfacing slits. Middle femur armed dorsally with many tubercles ( Fig. 13 G), ventral surface armed on anterior margin with a row of teeth, posterior margin unarmed or with one or two minute teeth. Middle tibia subcylindrical, slightly laterally flattened, surface with only traces of tuberculation; dorsal surface unarmed, ventral surface armed on both margins with a series of spines, the most apical of which are markedly shorter and more robust than the others. Hind femur short but not especially robust, ventral surface armed on outer margin with a series of teeth, internal margin with a series of minute tubercles; hind tibia quadrate in cross section, apically feebly decurved, armed on dorsal and ventral surfaces with many spines on both margins, the consecutive spines of similar lengths. Genicular lobes of all femora armed on both surfaces with a single elongate spine. Abdomen. Abdomen appearing small for size of insect. Tenth tergite with median incision, ( Figs. 13 E); cercus of male ( Figs.13 E) elongate, with prominent carina on internal margin, of female massive, parallel and directed upwards. Phallus without any trace of sclerotised processes. Subgenital plate ( Fig. 13 F) in male broad at base, narrowing apically with a small, shallow, median incision, styles relatively short, about 4x as long as thick; female short, broad, with quadrate median incision, lateral lobes short, quadrate to elongate and recurved. Ovipositor very elongate, about same length as hind femur ( Fig. 16 A), strongly curved upwards, both margins smooth, lateral surface with a dorsal and ventral longitudinal sulcus. Coloration. Overall coloration uniformly green except fastigium of vertex, clypeus and labrum and mandibles as noted above. Discussion. This genus is presently known from two species, one much more widespread than the other. Its relationships with other genera in the tribe are unclear at present. As with other members of the tribe, the katydids are primarily predaceous.

Male. Legs. Fore femur armed ventrally with 6 small. robust, black spines on each side, increasing in length from proximal position; fore tibia with 9 spines on anterior margin, 7 spines on posterior margin of ventral surface. Middle femur armed ventrally with 5 stout tooth-like spines on anterior margin, 2 stout teeth at base of posterior margin; middle tibia armed ventrally with small 9 spines on anterior margin, 7 smaller spines on posterior. Hind femur armed ventrally with 9 spines on external margin. Wings. Stridulatory file straight, ( Fig. 7 C). Abdomen. Cercus flat ( Fig. 8 A, 8C), with digitiform toe. Titillator ( Fig. 8 B well developed, arms with flanged base, diverging to apex; ventral margin of each arm thin, surface irregular, apex of arm truncate. Female. Cercus very elongate, with acuminate apex. Ovipositor abruptly bent upwards, unarmed ( Fig. 5 A–B). 4. Iterika is an aboriginal word for green, an allusion to the colour of the insect. Coloration. Overall colour dark green except for tegmen ( Figs. 5 A, B, 6B) which is marked in both sexes with dark spots and the costal region brown to yellow. Cytology. The chromosomes of the holotype were observed and are as follows: chromosomes typical of other Australian Agraeciini as reported in Rentz (1988) and Rentz et al. (2010). The karyotype consists of 2n=29 ( 2m + 26t +Xm) with 1 pair of metacentric, 5 pairs of medium telocentrics and 8 pairs of small telocentrics and the metacentric X ( Fig. 10 , A, B). At first metaphase, there are 14 autosomal bivalents and the X ( Fig. 10 , C). As normal, the X moves to one pole with 14 autosomal halves at first metaphase ( Fig. 10 , D). Specimens examined. Paratypes : Queensland: 16o48’S . 145o38’E . (GPS) Kuranda, 335 m elev., Top of the Range, 19 Butler Dr, collected on the following dates, 1–15.xi.2003 , 15–31.i.2004 , 1–15.ii.2004 , 15–31.xii.2004 , 16–31.i.2005 , 1–15.ii.2006 , 16–31.xii.2006 , 1–15.i.2007 , 1–15.i.2008 , 16–28.ii.2008 , 16–31.iii.2008 , 1–15.ii.2010 (D. C. F. Rentz, W. W. Middlekauff (2004), 9 males , 13 females , ANIC). 17o28’S . 146o00’E . (GPS) Garradunga, Polly Creek, nr Innisfail, 15.iv.1998 , 12.ii.1999 (J. & S. Hasenpusch, 1 male , 1 female , ANIC). Upper Mulgrave River, 30.iv.1970 (G. B. Monteith, 1 female , QMUS). 16.04S 145.28E (GPS) beach S. of Cape Tribulation, twixt Myall & Mason Cks. 31.x.1993 (D. C. F. Rentz, L. Lowe, 1 female , collected as nymph, matured in laboratory 16.i.1994 , ANIC). 15.50S 145.20 E . Gap Ck., 5 km ESE. of Mt Finnigan, nr Cooktown, (D. C. F. Rentz, 1 female , ANIC). Measurements. See Table 2 . see text for details. Species Males Length Body Length Pronotum Width Pronotum Length Tegmen Length Length Hind Femur Ovipositor Holotype Kuranda 17.0 17.0 7.5 7.6 4.5 4.5 9.0 8.5 9.2 9.2 “ 18.0 7.1 4.4 8.0 8.7 “ “ “ 20.2 17.2 19.0 7.4 6.7 7.6 4.2 4.5 4.4 8.4 8.3 7.6 9.2 8.3 8.3 “ 17.0 7.2 4.4 9.3 8.7 Garradunga 17.4 7.5 4.2 8.2 9.4 Females Kuranda “ “ 18.5 17.0 17.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 4.6 4.1 4.2 9.2 9.6 9.4 9.4 8.4 9.3 7.4 9.3 8.4 “ “ 18.0 18.0 6.1 5.8 4.5 4.3 10.0 10.0 9.5 7.4 9.3 8.1 Garradunga Upper Mulgrave Gap Ck CapeTribulation 18.0 18.5 19.0 20.3 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.5 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.4 9.0 10.8 9.0 11.0 9.6 8.2 10.0 7.7 9.3 8.1 10.5 9.0 Song. The calling song is produced only at night and is a continuous flickering ( Fig. 9 A), audible from 1– 2 m . The song is produced at very high frequency with distinct syllables ( Fig. 9 B), each syllable lasting for about 0.04 seconds at 22o C.