Bioacoustics of Aetana

Description Male MEASUREMENTS. Total body length ~2.5–4.5 (smallest species in A. kinabalu group; largest species in A. omayan group); carapace width 0.9–1.8; leg 1 length ~27–44; tibia 1 length ~6.0–11.0; tibia 2/tibia 4 length 0.92–1.08; tibia 1 L/d ~55–95 (the largest species, A. omayan , has the relatively thickest legs; the smallest species, A. gaya , has the relatively thinnest legs). COLOR. In life mostly ochre-gray with brown and black marks (e.g., Figs 51–56 , 105–110 ), only A. libjo Huber , sp. nov. and A. baganihan Huber , sp. nov. with light brown to orange prosoma and palps ( Figs 8–12 ); sternum never dark; legs usually with indistinct darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); darker rings missing in A. libjo Huber , sp. nov. and A. baganihan Huber , sp. nov. BODY. Carapace either with shallow median furrow restricted to frontal part ( Figs 63–64 , 198 ) or without furrow ( Figs 118 , 130 ); ocular area raised, eye triads on short stalks directed toward lateral, in some species with median process ( Figs 77 , 96 ) or with pair of processes arising from near ALE ( Figs 221 , 226 ). AME absent. Clypeus high, either unmodified, with small paired processes ( Fig. 191 ), with large median process ( Figs 59 , 77 ), or with indistinct lateral ridges ( Figs 221 , 226 ). Abdomen from slightly longer than high ( Figs 51–56 ) to almost cylindrical ( Figs 8 , 102 ), pointed at spinnerets. Male gonopore with four epiandrous spigots in all species examined with SEM (e.g., Figs 37 , 143 , 162 ); each ALS with large widened spigot and pointed spigot, without further cylindrically shaped spigots ( Figs 68 , 210 ); PMS with two spigots each. CHELICERAE. Very variable, distal apophyses ranging from short processes in frontal position ( Figs 15 , 40 ) to long processes in lateral position ( Figs 191 , 226 ), absent in A. kiukoki group; proximal apophyses usually present, large in A. kiukoki group ( Fig. 66 ), absent in A. ocampoi group ( Figs 15 , 40 ); chelicerae without modified hairs; without stridulatory ridges. PALPS. Coxa unmodified; trochanter usually with one retrolateral to ventral process, sometimes provided with scales or teeth ( Fig. 158 ), in A. ocampoi group fused to femur ( Figs 14 , 27 ); trochanter in some species with additional prolateral apophysis ( Fig. 189 ); femur rarely simple ( Fig. 27 ), usually with one or more processes, in A. kinabalu group with complex set of up to four processes (e.g., Figs 150–151 ); patella either triangular in lateral view or ventral side longer than usual (e.g., Figs 14 , 58 ); tibia either of usual shape (e.g., Figs 14 , 127 ) or rather small and slender ( A. kiukoki group; e.g., Fig. 58 ), with retrolateral trichobothrium in very distal position (close to tibia-tarsus joint; Figs 27 , 114 ); palpal tarsus small, usually with capsular tarsal organ ( Figs 134 , 203 ), exposed in A. libjo Huber , sp. nov. ( Fig. 35 ) (not clear in A. ocampoi Huber , sp. nov. and A. baganihan Huber , sp. nov. ); procursus usually complex with proximal and distal parts connected by membranous hinge; procursus in A. kiukoki group unusually long ( Figs 58 , 76 ), in A. ocampoi group reduced to simple semi-transparent process ( Figs 14 , 27 ); bulb either with weakly sclerotized embolus as only process ( Figs 114 , 159 ), in A. kiukoki group with additional short membranous process ( Figs 58 , 75 ), in A. ocampoi group with additional novel processes ( Figs 13–14 , 26–27 ). LEGS. Without spines; with curved hairs on tibiae and/or metatarsi ( Fig. 133 ); usually without or with few vertical hairs, only in A. libjo Huber , sp. nov. and A. baganihan Huber , sp. nov. with one dense row retrolatero-dorsally on each tibia; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 very proximal (at 2–4% of tibia length), prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other tibiae. Tarsus 1 usually with ~25–30 pseudosegments, fairly distinct distally; tarsus 4 with single row of ventral comb-hairs of a modified Belisana - type ( cf. Huber & Fleckenstein 2008 ; Figs 32 , 69 , 82 , 209 ). Female Similar to male but eye triads on lower humps ( Figs 64 , 80 , 119 ) and closer together than in male (sexual dimorphism low in A. ocampoi group; in other groups, eye triads in females often less than half as wide apart as in males); clypeus and chelicerae unmodified; legs slightly shorter than in males (tibia 1 ~4.0–9.0). Females in A. omayan group with stridulatory apparatus between prosoma (elongate median plate on carapace posteriorly; Figs 186–188 ) against abdomen (indistinct hairless area frontally). Epigynum weakly to heavily sclerotized, sometimes with scape of variable length and shape ( Figs 28 , 60 ), never with external pair of pockets in anterior epigynal plate but in A. kinabalu and A. omayan groups sometimes with internal sclerotized pockets originating from ventral wall of uterus externus ( Figs 111 , 192–194 ), and in A. omayan group with pair of membranous external pockets in posterior epigynal area ( Figs 192, 194 , 222 ). Internal genitalia with pair of pore plates, in A. libjo Huber , sp. nov. and A. baganihan Huber , sp. nov. with unique median membranous structure ( Figs 29 , 44 ); in A. kiukoki group with distinctive serrated ridges ( Figs 61 , 73 , 79 ).

Notes . The genus has been revised recently, and cladistic analysis of morphological characters suggested the existence of four species groups ( Huber et al. 2015a ). Molecular data have corroborated both the species groups and the monophyly of the genus ( Eberle et al. 2018 ; Huber et al. 2018). However, the species newly described below were not clearly assigned to any of the four species groups; there were placed as sister to the kinabalu group, but with low support. Morphological data rather suggest a close relationship with the omayan group. Three of the four synapomorphies identified for this group in Huber et al. (2015a) are present in the three new species below: male clypeus with pair of apophyses; very long male cheliceral apophyses; and presence of female stridulatory apparatus between carapace and abdomen. The fourth synapomorphy (pair of pockets in area behind epigynum) is poorly visible in most species and appears to be present in at least one of the new species ( A. ondawamei ; Fig. 287 ). The unnamed species from Halmahera shown in the distribution map in Huber et al. (2015a : fig. 2; “ A. sp. 1”) is in fact two similar species. They are apparently closely related to the three species described below. They are represented by only one poorly preserved male specimen each (in Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii ) and thus remain undescribed. The original diagnosis and description of the genus are still largely valid. The new species A. mokwam is now the largest known representative of the genus and extends the body length range to ~2.5–5.0; male leg 1 length to ~27–50; male tibia 1 length to ~6.0–12.4; female tibia 1 length to ~4.0–10.7.