Bioacoustics of Utivarachna

1. Male................................................................................................ 2 - Female.............................................................................................. 3 2. Bulb as long as wide ( Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999 : fig. 258G)................................................ U. gui - Bulb distinctly longer than wide ( Figs. 1 D, 2B)...................................................... U. arcuata 3. Copulatory opening located anteriorly ( Figs. 3 B, 4A, 7B, 8A).................................................. 4 - Copulatory opening located medially or posteriorly........................................................... 5 4. Connecting ducts located on the lateral areas of copulatory openings ( Figs. 3 C, 4B)......................... U. arcuata - Connecting ducts located on the area between copulatory openings ( Figs. 7 C, 8B).................... U. gongshanensis 5. Copulatory opening located medially ( Figs. 5 B, 6A, Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999 : fig. 256D)............................ 6 - Copulatory opening located posteriorly ( Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999 : fig. 255Q).................................. U. gui 6. Spermathecae almost touching each other ( Figs. 5 C, 6B)............................................... U. fabaria - Interdistance between spermathecae wider than 1.5 times their diameter ( Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999 : fig. 256D)... U. taiwanica

Diagnosis. According to Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) , the genus Utivarachna is closest to Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 but can be distinguished from it by the following characters: lateral invagination of carapace just behind the cephalic region ( Figs 1A , 3A ); pits in the margins of sternum ( Figs 1B , 3B ); triangular projection of the clypeus extending between the cheliceral bases; chitinous stripes between carapace and sternum ( Figs 1B , 3B ); lengthened leg I with multiple rows of ventral cuspules in males ( Figs 1C , 7C ) (versus not lengthened and with one row of cuspules or cuspules absent); embolus forming transverse apical coil ( Figs 2 , 4 ); epigynum with large posterior atrium ( Figs 6 , 9D–E ); copulatory openings located posteriorly (versus more anteriorly-located, Figs 6 9D–E ). Composition. Utivarachna contains 31 species that are currently divided into four species groups. For their diagnosis, see Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) and Liu et al . (2020) : dusun -group: U. dusun Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 ; U. itiokai Yamasaki, 2023 ; U. rubra Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 and U. yumaoi Lin & Li, 2023 . fukasawana -group: U. chamaeleon Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 ; U. galyanae Dankittipakul, Tavano & Singtripop, 2011 ; U. fukasawana Kishida, 1940 and U. ichneumon Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 . kinabaluensis -group: U. accentuata ( Simon, 1896 ) ; U. angsoduo sp. nov. ; U. arcuata Zhao & Peng, 2014 ; U. bucculenta Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 ; U. convolutiva Dankittipakul, Tavano & Singtripop, 2011 ; U. fabaria Zhao & Peng, 2014 ; U. fanjing Li, Zhang & Yu, 2022 ; U. fronto ( Simon, 1906 ) ; U. gongshanensis Zhao & Peng, 2014 ; U. kinabaluensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 ; U. lata Jin, Yin & Zhang, 2015 ; U. linyejiei Chu & Li, 2023 ; U. rama Chami-Kranon & Likhitrakarn, 2007 ; U. subfabaria Liu, Xu & Haddad, 2020 ; U. taiwanica ( Hayashi & Yoshida, 1993 ) ; U. tamdao Chu & Li, 2023 ; U. tangi Liu, Xu & Haddad, 2020 ; U. trisula sp. nov. and U. zhengguoi Chu & Li, 2023 . phyllicola -group: U. balonku sp. nov. ; U. gui (Zhu, Song & Kim, 1998); U. phyllicola Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 and U. rimba sp. nov.