Bioacoustics of Ultragryllacris pulchra

Description. Male. Body large. Fastigium verticis almost twice as broad as scape ( Fig. 1A ), apex slightly concave. Frons with very fine transverse riffles and sparse punctures. Eyes long oval, projecting forward and outward; median ocellus much larger than lateral ocelli, circular; lateral ocelli small, pale. Apical segments of maxillary palpi as long as subapical ones, apices slightly inflated. Pronotum with a pair of hook-shaped notches in the middle of lateral lobes, anterior margin slightly projected, posterior margin nearly straight ( Fig. 1B ); lateral lobes longer than high ( Fig. 1C ). Tegmina surpassing the apices of hind femora, reaching the middle area of hind tibiae ( Fig. 4A–B ). Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior free from base; left tegmen ( Fig. 3A ): MA divides into MA and MP, then MP divides again into 2 branches, the first branch fused with MA in subapical area, cubitus anterior free from base, single branched; right tegmen ( Fig. 3B ): MA undivided but sends a short connecting vein to anterior branch of cubitus anterior after that forked into two veins, then the first vein (MP) fused with MA. Both tegmina: Cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins, last two with common stem. Hind wings slightly surpassing the tegmina. Fore coxae with a sharp spine. Fore and middle femora unarmed on ventral surface, tibiae with four pairs of spurs on ventral surface plus one pair of apical spurs, dorsal surface of middle tibiae without apical spine. Hind femora with 14–15 internal spines and 8–9 external spines on ventral surface; tibiae with 7 pairs of spines on dorsal surface, ventral surfaces with one pre-apical spur each; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Second and third abdominal tergites without stridulatory pegs ( Fig. 1D ). Ninth abdominal tergite prolonged, curved downwards, forming 1 large trapeziform process, basal area wider, narrowing to apex, apical third area slightly widened, posterior margin convexly subtruncate, ventral surface with a vertical ridge coalesced by 2 lobes which basal area have a sclerite ( Fig. 1F–G ). Tenth abdominal tergite narrow and usually hidden. Subgenital plate broader than long, posterior margin with a shallow concavity in the middle, apex obtusely rounded ( Fig. 1H–I ). Styli short, robust located on both sides of the subapical area of subgenital plate ( Fig. 1H–I ). Colouration. Body yellowish brown. Head and pronotum reddish purple. Clypeus, labium, and mandibles black, dorsum of head with black spots along the midline ( Fig. 1B ). Eyes blackish brown, behind margin with a large black spot on each side; ocelli yellowish. Internal margins and ventral margins of antennal socket, internal surface of scape, and pedicel black ( Fig. 1A–B ). Pronotum with brown margins, anterior and posterior margins with a pair of black spots separately ( Fig. 1B ). Basal area of femora and apical area of tibiae blackish, spines of all legs yellowish brown ( Fig. 3A–B ). Sclerite of ventral surface of ninth abdominal tergite black ( Fig. 1H–I ). Female. Appearance of female is similar to male, but lighter. Posterior margin of pronotum with yellowish brown spots ( Fig. 2B–D ). Tegmen ( Fig. 3E–F ): Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media sends a short connecting vein to anterior branch of cubitus anterior after that forks into two veins, the first vein (MP) fused with MA. Cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins, the last two with common stem. Seventh abdominal sternite normal, posterior margin arched concave, followed by a sclerotised transverse bulge ( Fig. 2J ). Subgenital plate longer than wide, narrowing to apex, posterior margin with a shallow concavity in the middle ( Fig. 2J ). Ovipositor longer than hind femora ( Fig. 4–D ), straight, apices obtusely rounded ( Fig. 2K ).

Description. Medium large species. Head: Face oval; forehead nearly smooth with very fine transverse riffles and sparse punctures; fastigium verticis wider than scapus; ocelli distinct, median ocellus very large; fastigium frontis separated from fastigium verticis by a very fine suture; subocular furrows shallow, widening ventrad ( Fig. 88C ). Abdominal tergites two and three without stridulatory pegs. Wings surpassing hind knees ( Fig. 88A ). Tegmen: Radius with two branches, both forked near tip; media anterior free from base but in subbasal area partially sub-fused with R; left tegmen: MA divides into MA and MP, then MP divides again into 2 branches, cubitus anterior free from base, single branched; right tegmen: MA undivided but sends a short connecting vein to anterior branch of cubitus anterior after that forked into two veins, this vein (MP+CuA1) does not divided further. Both tegmina: Cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins, last two with common stem. Legs: Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin; fore and mid femora unarmed; fore and mid tibiae with four pairs of large ventral spines and one pair of smaller ventral spurs; hind femur with 5–6 external and 12 internal spines on ventral margins; hind tibia with spaced spines on both dorsal margins, ventral margins with one pre-apical spine each; with 3 apical spurs on both sides. Coloration. General color light yellow to ivory-colored, ivory white when alive; vertex with a transverse black band; pronotum with 2 black spots at anterior and 2 connected spots at posterior margin, anterior and posterior rims also black ( Fig. 88B ); legs of general color, genicular areas and tarsi of all legs black; fore tibia fully black, hind tibia with black spots at bases of dorsal spines. Face brownish yellow; fastigium verticis, antennal scrobae, base of antennae, compound eyes and a spot below them, labrum, mandibles and apical segments of maxillary palpi black; clypeus dark brown except at ventral margin and in midline. Tegmen semi-transparent yellow with yellowish or brown veins; hind wing semi-transparent white with yellowish or brown veins. Male. Eighth abdominal tergite prolonged and globular with apical surface little concave and apical margin truncate and slightly curved posteriorly; setose. Ninth abdominal tergite forming a large, spatial structure: in dorsal view sub-rectangular with lateral margins in basal two thirds little converging, in apical third diverging, apical margin convexly subtruncate; lateral and apical margins curved to ventral surface, which is bulging along both lateral margins and along midline, separated by shallow furrows, slightly widened apical margin with faint furrows and little swollen lateral angles ( Figs. 89 E–G). Tenth abdominal tergite hidden. Subgenital plate very short, bilobate, much wider than long with a medial furrow; styli inserted lateral at latero-apical margin ( Fig. 89F ). Phallus membranous. Female unknown. Measurements ( 1 male ).—body w/wings: 42; body w/o wings: 32; pronotum: 6; tegmen: 32; tegmen width: 11.5; hind femur: 17; antenna: 110 mm .

Figures 10–12 Description. Male. Body large. Fastigium verticis approx. 1.7 times as broad as scape. Face with very fine transverse riffles and sparse punctures ( Fig. 10A–B ). Ocelli distinct, median ocellus is very large. Pronotum with anterior margin slightly projecting, posterior margin nearly straight; lateral lobes longer than high, posterior margin of ventral margin slightly extending downward ( Fig. 10C–D ). Fore coxae with 1 spine. Fore and middle femora unarmed on ventral surfaces, hind femora with 12–17 internal and 9–10 external spines on ventral surface. Fore and middle tibiae with 5 pairs of ventral spurs, including 1 pair of apical ones; hind tibiae with 7 internal and 6–7 external spines on dorsal surface, subapical area with 1 pair of ventral spurs, apices with 1 pair of dorsal spurs and 2 pairs of ventral spurs. Wings developed well, far surpassing apex of abdomen ( Fig. 12A ). Tegmina ( Fig. 12B–C ): Radius with two branches after the middle area of tegmen, both forked near tip; anterior media free from base. Anterior cubitus forking at basal third into two veins, with the first branch making a curvature and receiving an oblique connection vein from MA, and fused as MP+CuA1, which is undivided in left tegmen ( Fig. 12B ), but divided again into two parallel branches, MP and CuA1, in right tegmen shortly after MP+CuA1 ( Fig. 12C ); the posterior branch (CuA2) remaining single-branched. Both tegmina: posterior cubitus undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins, and last two with the common stem. Second and third abdominal tergites without stridulatory pegs. The ninth abdominal tergite prolonged, and curved downwards ( Fig. 10F ), forming 1 strong trapeziform process with a nearly truncate apex ( Fig. 10G ), the ventral surface with a vertical ridge coalesced by 2 lobes whose have a sclerite at basal area ( Fig. 10H ). The tenth abdominal tergite is hidden. Cerci is short and slender. Subgenital plate is basally broad, posterior margin with a concavity in the middle, and apices of lateral lobes obtusely rounded ( Fig. 10I ). Styli robust, located on both sides of the subapical area of subgenital plate ( Fig. 10I ). Female. Ventral surface of the seventh abdominal sternite with a pair of small oval pits; posterior margin with median concavity and the lateral margins are obtuse ( Fig. 11G ). Intersegmental membrane between the seventh sternite and subgenital plate provided with some transversal folds on lateral areas and a short sclerotised transverse bulge in the middle area, the transverse bulge with compressed apico-lateral angles ( Fig. 11G ). Lateral margins of subgenital plate narrowing, posterior margin with middle concavity ( Fig. 11G ). Ovipositor elongate straight, dorsal and ventral margins smooth, basal area stout, gradually narrowing, apices narrowly rounded ( Fig. 11H ). Coloration. Body yellowish brown. Clypeus, labrum, and mandibles blackish brown ( Fig. 10A–B , 11A ). Internal margins and ventral margins of antennal cavities black, scape with black spots ( Fig. 10B ). Eyes blackish brown, with 1 small black spot under the ventral margins on each side; ocelli yellowish, lateral margins of median ocellus with 1 pair of black spots ( Fig. 10B ). Doral surface of head with 1 large black spot behind antenna on each side, between the area with irregular black spot along the midline ( Fig. 11C ). Pronotum with 2 connected black spots at anterior margin and a transverse band at posterior margin, anterior and posterior rims also black ( Fig. 11C ). Genicular areas and basal areas of tibiae of all legs black; hind tibiae with black spots at bases of dorsal spines ( Fig. 12A ).