Bioacoustics of Trigonidium (Trigonidium) solis

Description. General appearance typical of type species T. cicindeloides : tympana on fore tibia absent, tegmen in lateral view rounded and not pubescent, metanotal glands in males absent. Male and female live habitus as in Fig. 3 ; male dorsal and lateral habitus as in Fig. 4 ; female dorsal habitus as in Fig. 7A . Head, together with eyes, clearly wider than pronotum ( Fig. 4 ). Frontal rostrum flattened, wider than scapus ( Fig. 5A ); with a few long setae ( Fig. 4A ). Vertex flattened dorsally ( Figs. 4B , 5A ). Antennal segments, including scapus, pubescent. Eyes very large, protruding laterally, from dorsal view slightly elongated ( Fig. 4A ); in lateral view slightly hemispheric ( Fig. 4B ). Genae swollen, not pubescent ( Fig. 4B ). Maxillary palpi elongated; last three segments of about equal length (apical and third segments slightly longer than second segment); apical segment triangular, longer than wide, with apex truncated. Labial palpi with apical segment long and slightly swollen at the apex. Pronotum wider than long; with a few long setae but more pubescent along margins ( Fig. 3 ); sulci indistinct (when alive [ Fig. 3 ]); anterior and posterior margins straight; dorsal disc flattened ( Fig. 4A ). Lateral lobes of pronotum longer than high, ventral margin sinuous, anterior and posterior angles obtuse ( Fig. 4B ). Metanotal gland absent ( Fig. 5B ). Tegmina same in males and females, in lateral view appears rounded ( Figs. 4 , 7A ), not pubescent; reaching abdominal apex, but not covering epiproct; with longitudinal veins not elevated; without stridulatory apparatus in males. Hind wing absent ( Fig. 5B ). Legs generally pubescent and with long setae. Tarsal middle segments with prominent adhesive pads. Hind tibiae with three inner and three outer subapical spurs; two inner and two to three outer apical spurs, inner ones distinctly longer than outer ones. Male: Anal plate tongue-shaped and elongated, longer than wide; basal half (tenth abdominal apex) tapers posteriorly; apical half (epiproct) with lateral margin straight and apex broadly rounded ( Fig. 5C ). Subgenital plate broader at the base than long, with apex wide-roundly excised and a lobe in the middle ( Fig. 5D ). Cerci simple, tapering and long surpassing hind femora. Male genitalia as in Fig. 6 . Pseudepiphallus [= epiphallus] separated into two lateral parts joined by an anterior sclerotized bridge situated somewhere along the middle of the length of rami; sclerotized bridge curved. Posterior edges of pseudepiphallic sclerite with a stout lobule in the middle ( ps lb ). Posterior apex of pseudepiphallus forming thin, sclerotized lophi ( ps lo ); lophus feebly curved inwards, with margins smooth (without setae and spines), with apex obtuse, narrowly emarginated (indented) at the inner margin at the base ( ps ind ). Pseudepiphallic parameres ( ps p ) [=ectoparameres] transverse, with posterior margin with a small and stout lobule in the middle ( ps p lb ). Ectophallic fold [= rachis] ( ra ) large forming a broad sclerotized virga ( v ) with somewhat acute apex. Ectophallic apodeme ( ec ap ) [= endoparamere apodeme] weakly sclerotized, appearing flat and broad. Ramus ( r ) slender, reaching anterior of ectophallic apodeme. Endophallic sclerite ( en s ) [= formula] elongated along dorsal cavity, with a median crest ( en ap c ), with lamella of apodemes ( en ap l ) appearing flat and broad. Female ( Fig. 7 ): Habitus similar to males ( Fig. 3 ). Supra-anal plate with apex emarginated in the middle. Subgenital plate broader than wide, with anterior margin straight, curved and tapering into an emarginated apex ( Fig. 7C ). Ovipositor not surpassing cerci; basal third with margins smooth, curved feebly; apical third with dorsal margin distinctly denticulated, ventral margin also denticulated but less dense and only towards the apex ( Fig. 7D ). Ventral valves longer than dorsal valves ( Fig. 7D ). Colouration: Males and females similarly coloured, generally yellow ( Fig. 3 ). In fresh specimens, head (including scapus) yellow, with setae on dorsum brown. First antennal segment yellow brown, subsequently becoming black ( Fig. 3 ). Face pale yellow, without any markings ( Fig. 5A ). Palpi with segments light yellow, sometimes slightly dark at anterior and posterior margins. Pronotum yellow, with brown setae, with posterior margin brown. Tegmina nearly transparent, shiny yellow, with apical area on both dorsal and lateral field black ( Fig. 3 , 4 ). Thoracic sternites pale yellow. Abdominal tergites and sternites pale yellow; apex with a tint of green, cerci with pale green basally, dark apically. In female, dorsum of tergites at the apical half black, extending more towards the apical segments ( Figs. 3C, 3D , 7A ). In males, posterior margin of tenth abdominal tergite black or brown ( Fig. 5C ), subgenital plate with a large black squarish spot in the middle ( Fig. 5D ). Legs yellow, without patterns, knees and tibiae generally darker. Inner surface of hind femora with a relatively large black spot at the basal third. Hind tibiae with spurs dark. Middle and apical segments of hind tarsi black. Ovipositor pale basally, red brown thereafter ( Fig. 7D ). Measurements. See Table 2 .