Bioacoustics of Tetragnatha chiyokoae

Diagnosis . Male chelicerae of T. chiyokoae new species is similar to T. chauliodus , as both bear elongated ‘a’, Gu, ‘T’ and Gl, AXu absent and AXl extremely reduced ( Figs 7 B–D, 9D–G). However, the new species can be set apart by the following characteristics: paturon more elongated and thinner, ‘a’ with longer tip, ‘t’ absent, Gu thicker, slightly displaced from teeth row and distalward projected, ‘T’ much thicker with wider basis, Gl with much larger basis and apart from L2 by a very large gap ( Fig. 7 B–D). Palps of both species share thin conductor covering the very esclerotized embolus as a thin pouch with large terminal cap and paracymbium with undivided notch, with very wide translucent lobe and large knob ( Figs 7 E–G, 9H–J). T. chiyokoae new species can be distinguished by longer tibia, narrower terminal cap of the conductor, embolus with straight tip and paracymbium with slanted notch, translucent lobe darker and almost reaching up the notch and knob in a more elevated position ( Fig. 7 E–G). Females of T. chiyokoae new species are more alike those of T. chauliodus and T. tenuissima sharing besides the slender and elongated abdomen with black lateral patches, similar chelicerae with elongated upper crests (CRu) upon a deep furrow just over the upper row proper and Gu similar in shape and size ( Figs 8A , 10D, E , 13C, D , 14C ; Okuma 1988b , fig. 40B; Tanikawa 1990 , fig. 4). T. chauliodus and T. chiyokoae new species are set apart by chelicerae having only Gu on CRu and apart from U2 by large gap, larger Gl, longer L2, and by the fang bearing a basal cusp (BC), besides having longer genital fold ( Fig. 8A, B , 10 E–G; Okuma 1988b , fig. 40B, F; Tanikawa 1990 , figs 3–5). Finally, T. chiyokoae new species differs from T. chauliodus by the following characteristics: longer paturon, Gu heavily sclerotized and with a thin basis, located on the top of a thin ridge, Gl bulkier, longer, almost straight and pointed inward, L2 smaller, fangs sinuous, with midway conspicuous concavity followed by a distal keel at its inner margin, with small or absent MC ( Fig. 8A, B , 10 D–G). Notes . We recognized this species while studying T. chauliodus (for more details, see below on that species section). We dubitatively associate females with a very small or absent MC with the males of T. chiyokoae new species , as they have been collected together or at the same locality a handful of times ( e.g. Okuma 1988b , Tanikawa 1990 , Song et al. 1999 , Zhu et al. 2003 ). We analyzed the taxonomic literature including descriptions of Oriental and Australasian species of Tetragnatha and have not found any previously described species that matches T. chiyokoae new species or any of the new species described in this paper. The first illustration of T. chiyokoae new species was from a male collected in rice paddies of Taiwan ( Chu & Okuma 1970 , as Tetragnatha sp.). Both sexes of this species have been repeatedly misidentified, redescribed and illustrated as T. chauliodus , with records and illustrations for Taiwan ( Okuma 1988b ), Japan ( Tanikawa 1990 ), and China ( Song et al. 1999 ; Zhu et al. 2003 ). As discussed under T. chauliodus , Zhu et al. (2003) mismatched two different males ( T. chauliodus and T. chiyokoae new species ) and only one kind of female (typical T. chauliodus ), all collected in the same area of Yunnan Province , southwest China . We highlight that we did not have direct access to the specimens, so a patterned description following the usual formula was not possible. Natural History. Unknown.