Bioacoustics of Stenaelurillus

Distribution The geographical distribution of Stenaelurillus is clearly palaeotropical ( Fig. 507 ), covering almost the entire African continent, except for the western half of the equatorial zone, and then extending to southern Iran , south and SE Asia, including the southern and south-eastern territories of China . There are no common species between the Afrotropical and Oriental regions. As evidenced from the data at hand, there are three main centres of the present day species diversity (= chorological centres): western Africa (7 species), the south-eastern part of central Africa (21 species) and South Asia (5 species). The revealed distributional disjunction between the African and Asian parts of the generic range and the absence of species in Indonesia and Polynesia-Micronesia seem to be due to the incompleteness of our knowledge. The outlined distribution of Stenaelurillus is virtually restricted to the Palaeotropical Zoogeographic Kingdom ( sensu Kryzhanovsky 2002 : inset 1), with a few records originating from the neighbouring regions of the Ancient Mediterranean (e.g., S. nigricaudus from N Algeria , S. marusiki Logunov, 2001 from SW Iran and S. triguttatus Simon, 1886 from Nepal and Tibet; Figs 509–510 ). Genera with such distributional patterns are classified as either “palaeotropical” ( sensu Kryzhanovsky 2002 : 58 ) or “multiregional of the eastern hemisphere” ( sensu Pravdin & Mishchenko 1980 : 28 ) and are commonly considered to be of Neogene origin (i.e., 23 Ma or later; sensu Hilgen et al. 2012 ). Numerous examples of the palaeotropical distribution in tribes and genera are known from Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Mantodea and other orders ( Pravdin & Mishchenko 1980 ; Nartschuk 1994 ; Kryzhanovsky 2002 ; Davies et al. 2002 ; etc.). It is worth noticing that so far no species of Stenaelurillus have been recorded or described from Madagascar . This fact could be explained either by the current incompleteness of our knowledge of Stenaelurillus , or, more likely, by the later origin of the genus, after Madagascar had already separated from Africa (183–158 Ma) and India (96–65 Ma) during the late Jurassic to late Cretaceous fragmentation of Gondwana (see Vences et al. 2009 ); the latter assumption seems to be in agreement with a possible Neogene origin of Stenaelurillus (see above). To date, the only described Malagasy aelurilline species is Aelurillus madagascariensis Azarkina, 2009 (see Table 3 , p. 120), a true member of the genus Aelurillus Simon, 1885 that is related to some species from the Levant ( Azarkina 2009 ). Species name Known Zoogeographical regions References sexes Afrotropical Palaearctic Oriental S. abramovi Logunov, 2008 ♂♀ S Vietnam, Thailand (Fig. 508) Logunov (2008) , Logunov & Jäger (2015) , present data S. albopunctatus Caporiacco, 1949 ♂♀ Kenya (Fig. 511) Caporiacco (1949) , Wesołowska (2014b) , present data S. albus Sebastian, Sankaran, Malamel & Joseph, 2015 ♂♀ S India (Fig. 509) Sebastian et al . (2015) , Prajapati et al . (2016) S. arambagensis (Biswas & Biswas, 1992) ♂♀ India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal), Pakistan (Punjab) (Fig. 509) Prajapati et al . (2016 : sub. S. digitus ), Caleb et al . (2017) , present data S.bandama sp. nov. ♂♀ Cote d’Ivoire (Fig. 510) Wesołowska (2014b : sub. S. hirsutus , the records from Cote d’Ivoire), Present data S. belihuloya sp. nov. ♂ Sri Lanka (Fig. 509) Present data S. brandbergensis ( Wesołowska, 2006 ) comb. nov. ♂♀ Namibia (Fig. 511) Wesołowska (2006 : sub. Mashonarus b .), present data S. darwini Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000 ♂♀ Tanzania, Kenya (Fig. 511) Prószyński (1984: 140 , sub. Stenaelurillus sp. nov.2), Wesołowska & Russell-Smith (2000) , Wesołowska (2014b) , present data S. furcatus Wesołowska, 2014 ♂♀ Namibia (Fig. 511) Wesołowska (2014b) , present data S. fuscatus Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000 ♂♀ Tanzania, Kenya (Fig. 512) Wesołowska & Russell-Smith (2000) , present data S. fuscus Cao & Li, 2016 ♂ S China (Yunnan) (Fig. 508) Cao et al . (2016) S. gabrieli Prajapati, Murthappa, Sankaran & Sebastian, 2016 ♂♀ NW India (Gujarat) (Fig. 509) Prajapati et al . (2016) S. glaber Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 ♂ Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda (Fig. 511) Wesołowska & Russell-Smith (2011) , Wesołowska (2014b) , present data S. guttatus ( Wesołowska & Cumming, 2002 ) comb. nov. ♂♀ Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Fig. 511) Wesołowska & Cumming (2002 : sub Mashonarus g .), present data S. guttiger ( Simon, 1901 ) ♂♀ Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Fig. 512) Haddad & Wesołowska (2006 : sub. both S. g . and S. natalensis ), Wesołowska & Cumming (2011) , present data Species name Known Zoogeographical regions References sexes Afrotropical Palaearctic Oriental S. hirsutus Lessert, 1927 ♂♀ Senegal, Ghana, Congo, Central Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya (Fig. 513) Lessert (1927) , Wesołowska & Russell-Smith (2000), Szüts & Scharff (2005) , Wesołowska (2014b : in part, excert for the records from Côte d’Ivoire), present data S. ignobilis Wesołowska & Cumming, 2011 ♀ Zimbabwe (Fig. 513) Wesołowska & Cumming (2011) S. iubatus Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 ♂♀ Nigeria (Fig. 512) Wesołowska & Russell-Smith (2011) , present data S. jagannathae Das, Malik & Vidhel, 2015 ♂♀ N India (Dehli) (Fig. 509) Vidhel et al . (2015) S. jocquei sp. nov. ♂♀ Cameroon (Fig. 510) Present data S. kavango Wesołowska, 2014 ♀ Namibia (Fig. 512) Wesołowska (2014b) S. kronestedti Próchniewicz & Heçiak, 1994 ♂♀ Tanzania (Fig. 512) Próchniewicz & Heçiak (1994) S. latibulbis Wesołowska, 2014 ♂♀ Congo, Zambia (Fig. 513) Wesołowska (2014b) , present data S. lesserti Reimoser, 1934 ♂♀ S India, Sri Lanka (Fig. 509) Reimoser (1934) , Prószyński (1984) , Wesołowska (2014a) , Sebastian et al . (2015) , Prajapati et al . (2016) , Caleb & Sanap (2016) , present data S. leucogrammus Simon, 1902 ♂ Zimbabwe, Mozambique (Fig. 513) Simon (1902) , Prószyński (1984) , Wesołowska & Cumming (2011) , Wesołowska (2014b) S. marusiki Logunov, 2001 ♂ SW Iran (Fig. 509) Logunov (2001b) S. metallicus Caleb et Mathai, 2016 ♂♀ S India (Fig. 509) Caleb & Mathai (2016) S. minutus Song et Chai, 1991 ♂♀ SE China (Hainan) (Fig. 508) Song & Chai (1991) , Peng (1995 : sub. S. hainanensis ), Wesołowska (2014a) S. mirabilis Wesołowska et Russell-Smith, 2000 ♂♀ Tanzania, Kenya (Fig. 514) Wesołowska & Russell-Smith (2000) , Wesołowska (2014b) , present data S. modestus Wesołowska, 2014 ♂♀ South Africa (Fig. 513) Wesołowska (2014b) S. nigricaudus Simon, 1886 ♂♀ Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso (Fig. 510) N Algeria Simon (1886) , Berland & Millot (1941 : sub both S. n. and Aelurillus sahariensis ), Szüts & Scharff (2005) , Wesołowska (2014b) , present data Species name Known Zoogeographical regions References sexes Afrotropical Palaearctic Oriental S. pecten Wesołowska, 2014 ♂♀ Botswana, Zambia (Fig. 514) Wesołowska (2014b) S. pilosus Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 ♂♀ Nigeria (Fig. 514) Wesołowska & Russell-Smith (2011) , present data S. pseudoguttatus sp. nov. ♂♀ Namibia (Fig. 514) Wesołowska & Cumming (2002 : sub Mashonarus guttatus , in part), present data S. sarojinae Caleb & Mathai, 2014 ♂♀ SE India (Fig. 509) Caleb & Mathai (2014) , Caleb et al . (2015) S. senegalensis sp. nov. ♂♀ Senegal (Fig. 510) Present data S. siyamae sp. nov. ♀ N Sudan (Fig. 510) S. specularis Wesołowska, 2014 ♂♀ Malawi (Fig. 514) Wesołowska (2014b) S. strandi Caporiacco, 1939 ♂ S Ethiopia (Fig. 510) Caporiacco (1939) S. striolatus Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 ♂ Nigeria (Fig. 512) Wesołowska & Russell-Smith (2011) , present data S. sudanicus Wesołowska, 2014 ♀ N Sudan (Fig. 510) Wesołowska (2014b) S. termitophagus ( Wesołowska & Cumming, 1999 ) ♂♀ Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa (Fig. 514) Wesołowska & Cumming (1999 : sub. Microheros t .), present data S. triguttatus Simon, 1886 ♂ Nepal, Tibet (Fig. 509) Simon (1886) , Prószyński (1984) , Wesołowska (2014a) S. uniguttatus Lessert, 1925 ♂♀ Ethiopia, Kenya (Fig. 514) Lessert (1925) , Caporiacco (1940) , Wesołowska (2014b) , Dawidowicz & Wesołowska (2016) S. zambiensis Wesołowska, 2014 ♂♀ Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Fig. 513) Wesołowska (2014b) , present data Total No. – 45 species 28 5 11 The genus Stenaelurillus is not unique in the order Araneae , as far as its distributional pattern is concerned. A similar palaeotropical distribution is also known in a number of better studied spider genera, for instance: Borboropactus Simon, 1884 (Thomisidae) recorded from tropical Africa, S and SE Asia, but compared to Stenaelurillus also including Malaysia , Indonesia , the Phillipines and Papua New Guinea ( Benjamin 2011 ; WSC 2017 ); Calommata Lucas, 1837 (Atypidae) recorded from Africa, the Near East and SE Asia ( Fourie et al. 2011 ); Mallinella Strand, 1906 (Zodariidae) , a recently revised genus occurring in central and west Africa, S and SE Asia, southeastward to the northern tip of Australia ( Dankittipakul et al. 2012 a : fig. 1415 ; 2012 b); Sarascelis Simon, 1887 and the entire subfamily Chediminae (Palpimanidae) known from tropical Africa, India and Indonesia , but compared to Stenaelurillus with a lesser number of records ( Zonstein & Marusik 2013 : fig. 51); Synaphosus Platnick & Shadab, 1980 (Gnaphosidae) known from central Africa, the Near East, Central Asia and SE Asia (yet two species were also introduced to the USA ; see Ovtsharenko et al. 1994 ; WSC 2017 ); and other spider genera. Two spider genera display an almost identical distributional pattern as that of Stenaelurillus , except for some singular records from the Neotropics, namely: Nesticella Lehtinen & Saaristo, 1980 (Nesticidae) is known from tropical Africa, but not as widespread as Stenaelurillus , S and SE Asia, including the south-easternmost areas of the Palearcrtic Region and Papua New Guinea ( Lin et al. 2016 ; WSC 2017 ), plus a single record from Brazil ( Rodrigues & Buckup 2007 ); Bianor Peckham & Peckham, 1885 (Salticidae) is known from the Afrotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic (southern parts) Regions, with a single species – B. biocellosus Simon, 1902 – with its type locality in Brazil ( Logunov 2001 a ). Of other jumping spider genera ( Salticidae ), most of which still remain rather poorly studied with regards to their composition and general distribution, the following genera seem to also demonstrate a palaeotropical distribution: Hyllus C.L. Koch, 1846 is widespread in tropical Africa and SE Asia (including the generotype; WSC 2017 ), but the congenerity of many species included in this genus requires revision; Harmochirus Simon, 1885 , a revised genus the distribution of which is almost identical to that of Stenaelurillus but with a lesser number of species and records ( Logunov 2001 a ; WSC 2017 ); and other salticid genera. A further comparative analysis of the distributional pattern of Stenaelurillus with that of other spider genera, including the Salticidae , lies outside the goals of the present study and seems to be premature at the currently incomplete state of knowledge.