Bioacoustics of Sinolucanus qiuae

Larval morphology ( Figs. 44–57 ) A detailed description of the third instar larva of Xizangia qiuae , new species is given below. Antenna ( Figs. 48 , 53–54 ): Antenna 3-segmented (excluding antennifer). Basal antennomere subdivided, with an unpigmented ring near base, indicating it is formed by two segments, completely fused; it bearing very few sensory spots and small setae. Penultimate antennomere (antennomere 2) as long as and markedly wider than basal antennomere, with more sensory spots and small setae than basal antennomere, and with no large sensorium below last antennomere (antennomere 3). Last antennomere very small, with very few setae and sensory spots, and with no apical appendage. Epipharynx ( Fig. 56 ): Phoba divided into an anterior section (namely protophoba) and lateral sections (namely chaetoparia). Protophoba distinct and consisting of 11 short, blunt and densely arranged setae, and with about 3 sensory spots. Haptomerum hardly separated from protophoba, consisting of 2 sensory spots, without setae. Setae in chaetoparia very few and much sparser than in protophoba. Haptolachus consisting of 2 nesia, the median one being more elongate and bearing very small granules; all nesia without setae. Epitorma well sclerotized but very small and short. Pternotorma well developed and very long. Mandibles ( Fig. 55 ): Left mandible with 3 apical teeth at tip, a complicated mola at basal half, a ventral process at base and a minute inner tubercle along the inner edge between apical teeth and mola; apical teeth all blunt, with dorsal one shorter and ventral one longer; inner tubercle minute, not forming clear tooth; mola triangular in both dorsal and ventral views, somewhat square in inner lateral view, and with a deep furrow between dorsal and ventral surfaces. Right mandible with 2 apical teeth at tip, 2 simple molae at base and an inner tubercle between apical teeth and molae; apical teeth with dorsal one shorter and blunter than ventral one; inner tubercle minute; both basal and distal molae restricted to dorsal side, rather short; ventral process fully developed as in left mandible. Outer edge of both mandibles coarse and dentate, with very few minute setae. Mouthparts ( Fig. 57 ): Stipes without stridulatory teeth. Galea and lacinia separate and fixed to stipes. Galea with membranous subdivision. Lacinia single-pointed at apex. Maxillary palpus with 3 palpomeres excluding palpifer and with palpifer present. Ligula absent. Labial palpus with 2 palpomeres, rather straight and glabrous, without palpifer. Hypopharynx not markedly asymmetrical, with right dorsally pointed sclerotized projection visible in oblique view. Prothorax ( Fig. 44 ): Pronotum without an anteriorly projecting lobe or an extensive pronotal plate. Precoxale and episternum hardly sclerotized. Mesocoxal stridulatory organ (pars stridens, Fig. 50 ): Pars stridens on posterior surface of mesocoxa consisting of a main carina and a field of minute, rounded granules, all about equal in size, without well developed granules outside of the main row. Metatrochanteral stridulatory organ (plectrum, Figs. 51–52 ): Plectrum on anterior surface of metatrochanter consisting of a single row of continuous granules which might be interrupted by a empty field; granules a little rounded or oblong, smaller in terminal part than in basal part. Tarsungulus: Tarsungulus of prothoracic leg ( Fig. 49 ) 2 times longer and more gradually attenuated at apex than that of mesothoracic ( Fig. 50 ) and metathoracic legs ( Fig. 51 ), flanked by 2 shorter setae arising from the same position on each side. Tarsungulus of mesothoracic and metathoracic legs strongly and abruptly attenuated at apex, flanked by 2 longer setae arising from the same position on each side. Vestiture of thoracic and abdominal tergites ( Figs. 44–45 ): All tergites sparsely clad with small setae; spinules absent from thoracic tergites and abdominal tergites 1 and 7–10, very few on abdominal tergites 2–6. Vestiture of abdominal sternite 10 ( Fig. 46 ). Raster well developed as two lateral groups of posteromesally directed spinules. Anal sclerite. Dorsal lobe obsolete. Lateral lobes with very few setae.